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| Author | Oli, M.K. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: prey ratio | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Journal of Mammalogy | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 75 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 998-1004 |
| Keywords | Nepal; blue-sheep; prey; livestock; predation; blue; sheep; browse; 740; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; blue sheep; densities; density; predator | ||||
| Abstract | I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predator-prey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 10-5-km-2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km-2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6 10.2 sheep/km-2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km-2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diel of snow leopards Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard: blue sheep ratio was 1:114-1:159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English Call Number: 599.05 JO | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 236 | Serial | 746 | ||
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| Author | Oli, M.K.; Taylor, I.R.; Rogers, M.E. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard Panthera unica predation of livestock: An assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 63-68 |
| Keywords | predation; livestock; herders; goat; sheep; oxen; horse; Panthera-uncia; Nepal; snow-leopard; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; public attitudes; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; uncia; panthera; annapurna conservation area; annapurna; conservation; area; public; attitudes; 750 | ||||
| Abstract | Public attitudes towards snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of domestic livestock were investigated by a questionnaire survey of four villages in snow leopard habitat within the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Most local inhabitants were subsistence farmers, many dependent upon yaks, oxen, horses and goats, with an average livestock holding of 26.6 animals per household. Reported losses to snow leopards averaged 0.6 and 0.7 animals per household in two years of study, constituting 2.6% of total stockholding but representing in monetary terms almost a quarter of the average annual Nepali national per capita income. Local people held strongly negative attitudes towards snow leopards and most suggested that total extermination of leopards was the only acceptable solution to the predation problem. Snow leopards were reported to be killed by herdsmen in defence of their livestock. The long-term success of snow leopard conservation programmes may depend upon the satisfactory resolution of the predation conflict. Some possible ways of reducing predation losses are also discussed. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English Call Number: S900 .B5 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 237 | Serial | 747 | ||
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| Author | Oli, M.K. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopards and local human population in a protected area: a case study from the Nepalese Himalaya | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 51-64 | ||
| Keywords | Nepal; Himalaya; herders; herder; livestock; conservation; annapurna; protected-area; park; parks; reserve; refuge; blue-sheep; predator; prey; habitat; radio-tracking; diet; scat; feces; fecal; marmot; Manang; poaching; hunting; pelts; skins; furs; coats; grazing; burning; trekking; tourism; education; religion; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; protected area; radio tracking; radio; tracking; annapurna conservation area; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; 2110 | ||||
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| Publisher | International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington | Place of Publication | Usa | Editor | J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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| Notes | Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 240 | Serial | 748 | ||
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| Author | Oli, M.K. | ||||
| Title | The Snow Leopard Dilema: Will they Persist | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 433-441 | ||
| Keywords | asia; Uncia-uncia; conservation; snow-leopard; protection; fur; medicine; livestock; predation; habitat; uncia; snow; leopard; snow leopard; browse; 920 | ||||
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| Notes | Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State University, Box 9690, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Title, Monographic: 1995 AZA Regional Conference Proceedings | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 274 | Serial | 749 | ||
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| Author | Oli, M.K.; Taylor, K.R.; Rogers, M.E. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of livestock: An assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | Pages | 63-68 | |
| Keywords | snow leopard,blue sheep,livestock predation,public attitudes,Annapurna Conservation Area,Nepal. | ||||
| Abstract | Public attitudes towards snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of domestic livestock were investigated by a questionnaire survey of four villages in snow leopard habitat within the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal Most local inhabitants were subsistence farmers, many dependent upon yaks, oxen, horses and goats, with an average livestock holding of 26.6 animals per household. Reported losses to snow leopards averaged 0.6 and O. 7 animals per household in two years of study, constituting 2.6% of total stockholding but representing in monetary terms almost a quarter of the average annual Nepali national per capita income. Local people hem strongly negative attitudes towards snow leopards and most suggested that total extermination of leopards was the only acceptable solution to the predation problem. Snow leopards were reported to be killed by herdsmen in defence of their livestock. The long-term success of snow leopard conservation programmes may depend upon the satisfactory resolution of the predation conflict. Some possible ways of reducing predation losses are also discussed. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 893 | Serial | 753 | ||
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| Author | Osborne, B.C.; Mallon, D.P.; Fraser, S.J.R. | ||||
| Title | Ladkh, threatened stronghold of rare Himalayan mammals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1983 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 17 | Issue | Pages | 182-189 | |
| Keywords | Ladakh; India; pelt; coat; hunting; poaching; distribution; skin; livestock; herders; predator; prey; browse; 3290 | ||||
| Abstract | Reports the results of seven visits to Ladakh over past five years. The snow leopard occurs throughout Ladakh but is not common. Livestock are often taken in winter. At least five snow leopards were shot in the Suru Valley over the past five years. The pelt is worth about $350 in Srinagar. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 80 | Serial | 756 | ||
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| Author | Prakash, I. | ||||
| Title | Asian predators of livestock | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | Parasites, pests and predators.World animal science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | B2 | Issue | Pages | 405-410 | |
| Keywords | predators; asia; snow-leopard; livestock; status; prey; Panthera-uncia; distribution; predator; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; panthera; uncia; 870 | ||||
| Abstract | Outlines the distribution, status and predatory behaviour on livestock of Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis, gharial Gavialis gangeticus and several species of Crocodylus and Python; and of wolf Canis lupus, Asiatic jackal C. aureus, dhole (Indian wild dog) Cuon alpinus, brown bear Ursus arctos, Asiatic black bear Selenarctos thibetanus, striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena, clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa, leopard (panther) Panthera pardus, tiger P. tigris, lion P. leo, snow leopard P. uncia, other Felidae and Viverridae. -P.J.Jarvis | ||||
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| Notes | ED: Gaafar,-S.M.; et-al. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 84 | Serial | 791 | ||
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| Author | Raghavan, B.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Qureshi, Q. | ||||
| Title | Interactions between livestock and Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei); final report | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-46 | ||
| Keywords | Interactions; interaction; livestock; Ladakh; urial; ovis; endangered; Animal; Iucn; 2000; Cites; indian; wildlife; protection; number; 1960; 70; hunting; meat; fox; Chundawat; population; range; species; recent; humans; Human; Pressure; habitat; areas; area; human activity; activity; activities; agriculture; pastoralism; development; dam; Base; threats; threat; poaching; grazing; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya; Competition; resource; presence; India; project; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trust; program | ||||
| Abstract | The Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei) is a highly endangered animal (IUCN Red List 2000) listed in the Appendix 1 of CITES and Schedule 1 of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Its numbers had been reduced to a few hundred individuals in the 1960s and 70s through hunting for trophies and meat (Fox et al. 1991, Mallon 1983, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, IUCN Red List 2000). However, with the protection bestowed by the IWPA 1972, and resultant decrease in hunting, the population seems to have shown a marginal increase to about 1000-1500 individuals in its range in Ladakh (Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, IUCN Red List 2000). Although the species had in the past, been able to coexist with the predominantly Buddhist society of Ladakh, the recent increase in the population of both humans and their livestock has placed immense pressures on its habitat (Shackleton 1997, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2003). This is especially important considering that the Ladakh urial habitat coincides with the areas of maximum human activity in terms of settlements, agriculture, pastoralism and development, in Ladakh (Fox et al. 1991, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2003). Increased developmental activities such as construction of roads, dams, and military bases in these areas have also increased the access to their habitat. This has consequently made the species more vulnerable to the threats of poaching and habitat destruction (Fox et al. 1991, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2002). Pressure from increased livestock grazing is one of the major threats faced by the species today (Shackleton 1997, Fox et al. 1991, Mallon 1983, IUCN Red List 2000 Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2003). In the impoverished habitat provided by the Trans-Himalayas, there is great competition for the scarce resources between various animal species surviving here (Fox 1996, Mishra 2001). The presence of livestock intensifies this competition and can either force the species out of its niche (competitive exclusion) by displacing it from that area or resource, or lead to partitioning of resources between the species, spatially or temporally, for coexistence (Begon et al. 1986, Gause 1934). | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Wildlife Institute of India. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1075 | Serial | 802 | ||
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| Author | Rana, B.S. | ||||
| Title | Distinguishing kills of two large mammalian predators in Spiti Valley Himachal Pradesh | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | J.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 94 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 553 |
| Keywords | behavior; endangered; threatened species; foods; feeding; mammals; predation; wildlife; livestock relationships; snow leopard; Tibetan wolf; prey; livestock; India; panthera uncia; canis lupis; browse; threatened; species; relationships; tibetan; wolf; panthera; uncia; canis; lupis; 610 | ||||
| Abstract | The author studied livestock killed by predators in the Spiti Valley, India, to determine what species had killed yaks, horses, donkeys, and other domestic animals. Eleven of the kills examined were made by snow leopards and six by the Tibetan wolf. Wolves were involved in surplus killings, while snow leopards kill as food is needed. lgh | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 326 | Serial | 804 | ||
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| Author | Ranjitsinh, M.K. | ||||
| Title | Parks, people and the snow leopard: the Indian Endeavor | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 289-296 | ||
| Keywords | India; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; people; livestock; herders; economics; conservation; Wwf; Jammu; Kashmir; browse; protected; areas; 3800 | ||||
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Usa | Editor | J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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| Notes | Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 248 | Serial | 805 | ||
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| Author | Rawat, G.S.; Pandey, S.; Panwar, H.S. | ||||
| Title | Eco-development and management needs for snow leopard conservation in Himalayan Protected Areas | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 297-303 | ||
| Keywords | development; eco-development; management; conservation; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; park; preserve; Himalaya; Pin-valley; Himachal; herders; livestock; fire-wood; browse; eco; protected; areas; firewood; fire; 3810 | ||||
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Usa | Editor | J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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| Notes | Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 249 | Serial | 809 | ||
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| Author | Reading, R.P.; Amgalanbaatar, S.; Mix, H.; Lhagvasuren, B. | ||||
| Title | Argali Ovis ammon surveys in Mongolia's South Gobi | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 285-294 |
| Keywords | Mongolia; argali; gobi; livestock; population; status; 5220 | ||||
| Abstract | Claims poaching and competition with domestic livestock are threatening the argali's survival in Mongolia. The author's conducted aerial and ground surveys in the South Gobi and estimated a populaton size of approximately 3,900 argali. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available at URL. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 507 | Serial | 811 | ||
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| Author | Richard, C. | ||||
| Title | Sectoral Report in Vol II: Developing Strategies for Agriculture and Related Sectors in Ladakh | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | livestock; grazing; predator; prey; herders; herder; Ladakh; browse; 1970 | ||||
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| Notes | Submitted to the Leh Autonomous Hill Developement Council by IMOCD, Jan 1999 Title, Analytic: Rangelands and Livestock as a Niche Opportunity for Ladakh. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 373 | Serial | 815 | ||
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| Author | Saberwal, V.K. | ||||
| Title | Pastoral Politics:gaddi grazing, degradation and biodiversity conservation in Himachal Pradesh, India | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Conservation Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | Pages | 741-749 | |
| Keywords | grazing; livestock; herders; herder; conservation; biodiversity; Himachal-Pradesh; India; browse; himachal pradesh; 1980 | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 290 | Serial | 838 | ||
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| Author | Sangay, T.; Vernes, K. | ||||
| Title | Human-wildlife conflict in the Kingdom of Bhutan: Patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 141 | Issue | Pages | 1272-1282 | |
| Keywords | bear; Bhutan; compensation; conflict; Himalayas; leopard; livestock; predation; snow leopard; tiger | ||||
| Abstract | We examined predation activity throughout Bhutan by tiger (Panthera tigris), common leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Uncia uncia) and Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus) on a variety of livestock types using data gathered over the first two years (2003-2005) of a compensation scheme for livestock losses. One thousand three hundred and seventy five kills were documented, with leopards killing significantly more livestock (70% of all kills), than tigers (19%), bears (8%) and snow leopards (2%). About 50% of livestock killing were of cattle, and about 33% were of horses, with tigers, leopards and snow leopards killing a significantly greater proportion of horses than predicted from availability. Examination of cattle kills showed that leopards killed a significantly greater proportion of smaller prey (e.g., calves), whereas tigers killed a significantly greater proportion of larger prey (e.g., bulls). Overall, livestock predation was greatest in summer and autumn which corresponded with a peak in cropping agriculture; livestock are turned out to pasture and forest during the cropping season, and subsequently, are less well guarded than at other times. Across Bhutan, high horse density and low cattle and yak density were associated with high rates of livestock attack, but no relationship was found with forest cover or human population density. Several northern districts were identified as 'predation hotspots', where proportions of livestock lost to predation were considerable, and the ratio of reported kills to relative abundance of livestock was high. Implications of our findings for mitigating livestock losses and for conserving large carnivores in Bhutan are discussed. |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 903 | Serial | 842 | ||
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| Author | Schaller, G. | ||||
| Title | Surveys of Mountain Wildlife in China, Report # 4 | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 11 | ||
| Keywords | Xinjiang; Tian-Shan; Tian; Taxkorgan; Horendaban-Shan; Horendaban; surveys; field-work; prey; livestock; hunting; poaching; herders; browse; 4210 | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available at URL | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 409 | Serial | 853 | ||
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| Author | Schaller, G. | ||||
| Title | Surveys of Mountain Wildlife in China, Report # 6 | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1987 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 10 | ||
| Keywords | Xinjiang; Tian-Shan; Tomur-Feng; tibetan-plateau; Altun; surveys; methods; hunting; livestock; grazing; browse; 4200 | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text Available at URL | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 408 | Serial | 854 | ||
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| Author | Schaller, G. | ||||
| Title | Wildlife Survey in Tibet, Report #8 | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1988 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | Tibet; survey; Kashi; Xinjiang; antelope; wild-ass; gazzele; argali; blue-sheep; yak; wolf; brown-bear; livestock; hunting; trapping; poaching; browse; 4300 | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URL | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 418 | Serial | 856 | ||
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| Author | Schaller, G.B. | ||||
| Title | On meeting a Snow Leopard | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1972 | Publication | Animal Kingdom | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 75 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 7-13 |
| Keywords | Pakistan; ecology; conservation; distribution; livestock; goat; baiting; reserves; reserve; park; parks; refuge; behavior; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; 2220 | ||||
| Abstract | Discusses snow leopard distribution, ecology and conservation. Describes baiting (with a domestic goat) of a snow leopard and cub in a game reserve in Northern Pakistan. Incudes a description of the Leopard killing a goat, and observations over a week when the leopards were feeding on the goat baits. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 23 | Serial | 861 | ||
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| Author | Schaller, G.B.; Hong, L.; Talipu, J.; Mingjiang, R.Q. | ||||
| Title | The snow leopard in Xinjiang, China | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1988 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 197-204 |
| Keywords | China; Xinjiang; asia; refuges; parks; reserves; snow-leopard; prey; livestock; predators; herders; fur; management; snow leopard; browse; 930 | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopards live in the mountains of Central Asia, their range stretching from Afganastan to Lake Baikal in Eastern Tibet. They are endangered throughout their range, being hunted as predators of mains livestock and for their skin. Much of the snow leopards range lies in China, but not enough is known about its staus there for effective conservation. As part of a project to assess China's high altitude wildlife resources the authors conducted a survey in Xinjiang- a vast arid region of deserts and mountains. Although the snow leopard and other wildlife have declined steeply in Xinjiang in recent decades, the cta still persists and one area has the potential to become one of the best refuges for the species in its entire range. Its future in XInjiang, howevere, depends on well protected reserves, enforcement of regulations against killing the animal, and proper managemnt of the prey species. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 129 | Serial | 868 | ||
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| Author | Schaller, G.B.; Tserendeleg, J.; Amarsana, G. | ||||
| Title | Observations on snow leopards in Mongolia | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 33-42 | ||
| Keywords | Mongolia; gobi; Altay; Altai; survey; surveys; habitat; scrapes; markings; feces; spray; distribution; status; park; parks; reserve; reserves; refuge; activity; conservation; home-range; protected-areas; movements; predator; prey; diet; livestock; herders; ibex; argali; hunting; poaching; trapping; killing; browse; home range; protected areas; protected; 2710 | ||||
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Usa | Editor | J.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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| Notes | Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium. International Snow Leopard TrustPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 258 | Serial | 870 | ||
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| Author | Scheber | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard in the south part of Gobi-Altai mountain range | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1975 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 17 | ||
| Keywords | Mongolia; asia; snow-leopard; herders; livestock; predators; prey; gobi; distribution; snow leopard; browse; 960 | ||||
| Abstract | Accorfing to the information from Gurvan its rumored that the snow leopards grow in number and many times they attacked the livestock entering into the domestic area causing damage, we investigated theGurvan Tes sumon of Umnogobi aimag and also Noyon sumon todisplay the reserve review and spreading area of snow leopard from 22 of December of 1975 to 10th of January of 1976. | ||||
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| Notes | The Snow Leopard Trust has a hand copied form of this document translated from Russian, | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 28 | Serial | 872 | ||
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| Author | Shrestha, B. | ||||
| Title | Prey Abundance and Prey Selection by Snow Leopard (uncia uncia) in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-35 | ||
| Keywords | project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; abundance; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; Nepal; resource; predators; predator; ecological; impact; region; community; structure; number; research; population; status; density; densities; wild; prey species; prey-species; species; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; game; birds; diet; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; awareness; co-existence; ungulates; ungulate; Human; using; areas; area; monitoring; transect; Hair; identification; scat; attack; patterns; sighting; 1760; populations; birth; Male; Female; young; domestic; domestic livestock; 120; scats; yak; Dog; pika; wildlife; Seasons; winter; horse; study; cover; land; predation; Pressure; development; strategy; threatened; threatened species; threatened-species; conflicts; conflict; people; control; husbandry; compensation; reintroduction; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; free ranging | ||||
| Abstract | Predators have significant ecological impacts on the region's prey-predator dynamic and community structure through their numbers and prey selection. During April-December 2007, I conducted a research in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (SNP) to: i) explore population status and density of wild prey species; Himalayan tahr, musk deer and game birds, ii) investigate diet of the snow leopard and to estimate prey selection by snow leopard, iii) identify the pattern of livestock depredation by snow leopard, its mitigation, and raise awareness through outreach program, and identify the challenge and opportunities on conservation snow leopard and its co-existence with wild ungulates and the human using the areas of the SNP. Methodology of my research included vantage points and regular monitoring from trails for Himalayan tahr, fixed line transect with belt drive method for musk deer and game birds, and microscopic hair identification in snow leopard's scat to investigate diet of snow leopard and to estimate prey selection. Based on available evidence and witness accounts of snow leopard attack on livestock, the patterns of livestock depredation were assessed. I obtained 201 sighting of Himalayan tahr (1760 individuals) and estimated 293 populations in post-parturient period (April-June), 394 in birth period (July -October) and 195 November- December) in rutting period. In average, ratio of male to females was ranged from 0.34 to 0.79 and ratio of kid to female was 0.21-0.35, and yearling to kid was 0.21- 0.47. The encounter rate for musk deer was 1.06 and density was 17.28/km2. For Himalayan monal, the encounter rate was 2.14 and density was 35.66/km2. I obtained 12 sighting of snow cock comprising 69 individual in Gokyo. The ratio of male to female was 1.18 and young to female was 2.18. Twelve species (8 species of wild and 4 species of domestic livestock) were identified in the 120 snow leopard scats examined. In average, snow leopard predated most frequently on Himalayan tahr and it was detected in 26.5% relative frequency of occurrence while occurred in 36.66% of all scats, then it was followed by musk deer (19.87%), yak (12.65%), cow (12.04%), dog (10.24%), unidentified mammal (3.61%), woolly hare (3.01%), rat sp. (2.4%), unidentified bird sp. (1.8%), pika (1.2%), and shrew (0.6%) (Table 5.8 ). Wild species were present in 58.99% of scats whereas domestic livestock with dog were present in 40.95% of scats. Snow leopard predated most frequently on wildlife species in three seasons; spring (61.62%), autumn (61.11%) and winter (65.51%), and most frequently on domestic species including dog in summer season (54.54%). In term of relative biomass consumed, in average, Himalayan tahr was the most important prey species contributed 26.27% of the biomass consumed. This was followed by yak (22.13%), cow (21.06%), musk deer (11.32%), horse (10.53%), wooly hare (1.09%), rat (0.29%), pika (0.14%) and shrew (0.07%). In average, domestic livestock including dog were contributed more biomass in the diet of snow leopard comprising 60.8% of the biomass consumed whilst the wild life species comprising 39.19%. The annual prey consumption by a snow leopard (based on 2 kg/day) was estimated to be three Himalayan tahr, seven musk deer, five wooly hare, four rat sp., two pika, one shrew and four livestock. In the present study, the highest frequency of attack was found during April to June and lowest to July to November. The day of rainy and cloudy was the more vulnerable to livestock depredation. Snow leopard attacks occurred were the highest at near escape cover such as shrub land and cliff. Both predation pressure on tahr and that on livestock suggest that the development of effective conservation strategies for two threatened species (predator and prey) depends on resolving conflicts between people and predators. Recently, direct control of free – ranging livestock, good husbandry and compensation to shepherds may reduce snow leopard – human conflict. In long term solution, the reintroduction of blue sheep at the higher altitudes could also “buffer” predation on livestock. | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. Forum of Natural Resource Managers, Nepal. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1076 | Serial | 887 | ||
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| Author | Smith, A.T.; Foggin, M.J. | ||||
| Title | The Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae) is a Keystone Species for Biodiversity on the Tibetan Plateau | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 235-240 | |
| Keywords | prey; species; pika; Tibet; tibetan plateau; domestic livestock; biodiversity; browse; 90 | ||||
| Abstract | It is necessary to look at the big picture when managing biological resources on the QinghaiXizang (Tibetan) plateau. Plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) are poisoned widely across the plateau. Putative reasons for these control measures are that pika populations may reach high densities and correspondingly reduce forage for domestic livestock (yak, sheep, horses), and because they may be responsible for habitat degradation. In contrast, we highlight the important role the plateau pika plays as a keystone species in the Tibetan plateau ecosystem. The plateau pika is a keystone species because it: (i) makes burrows that are the primary homes to a wide variety of small birds and lizards; (ii) creates microhabitat disturbance that results in an increase in plant species richness; (iii) serves as the principal prey for nearly all of the plateau's predator species; (iv) contributes positively to ecosystem-level dynamics. The plateau pika should be managed in concert with other uses of the land to ensure preservation of China's native biodiversity, as well as long-term sustainable use of the pastureland by domestic livestock. | ||||
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| Notes | Cambridge University PressCopyright c 1999 The Zoological Society of London Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 357 | Serial | 902 | ||
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| Author | Spearing, A. | ||||
| Title | The Snow Leopard in Zanskar, Jammu & Kashmir, NW India | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | snow; leopard; India; conflict; Human; livestock; herders; attitudes; opinions; population; trends; poaching; killing; illegal; conservation; programs; rural; co-existence; 5090 | ||||
| Abstract | The paper summarises the alleged conflict between livestock herders and wild predators in the trans-Himalayan region of Zanskar, NW India. The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is seriously threatened by this conflict, with at least thirteen killed in the last seven years in 3 of the study villages alone. Results of snow leopard sign surveys are described, revealing significant increases since the last survey (1986) consistent with alleged increases in livestock depredation. Attitudes toward wildlife and opinions on population trends are assessed. Depredation hotspots are identified and the cost of livestock predation is discussed in terms of recent developments and social changes in the Zanskar region. Illegal hunting and retaliatory killing are described, and essential programs and conservation measures are suggested. Even at this early stage, there appears scope for raising rural incomes and lifting the burden of co-existence with snow leopard and other unique mountain fauna. |
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| Notes | Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 495 | Serial | 919 | ||
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