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Author | Ale, S.; Brown, J. | ||||
Title | The contingencies of group size and vigilance | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Evolutionary Ecology Research, | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 9 | Issue | Pages | 1263-1276 | |
Keywords | attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy | ||||
Abstract | Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect. Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance. Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour? Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group. Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size. |
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 886 | Serial | 53 | ||
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Author | Clyde, V.L.; Ramsay, E.C.; Bemis, D.A. | ||||
Title | Fecal shedding of Salmonella in exotic felids | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | J.Zoo Wildl.Med | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 28 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 148-152 |
Keywords | antibiotics; captive-animal-care; diarrhea; endangered; threatened-species; handling-methods; mammals parasites; Diseases; salmonella; zoos; snow-leopard; leopard; salmonellosis; husbandry; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; mammals; parasites; snow; browse; 1320 | ||||
Abstract | The authors discuss the occurrence of salmonellosis in collections of exotic felids. Data suggest that zoo employees having contact with cat feces or raw diets have a high rate of occupational exposure to Salmonella and should exercise appropriate hygienic precautions. pcp | ||||
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Notes | Milwaukee Cty. Zoo, Milwaukee, WI 53226 Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 304 | Serial | 227 | ||
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Author | De Groot, H.; Van Swieten, P.; Aalberse, R.C. | ||||
Title | Evidence for a Fel d I-like molecule in the “big cats” (Felidae species) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1990 | Publication | J Allergy Clin Immunol | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 86 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 107-116 |
Keywords | Adolescence; Adult; Allergens; immunology; Animal; Antibodies; Monoclonal; diagnostic; use; Antibody; Specificity; Carnivora; Cats; Comparative; study; Cross; Reactions; Hair; Histamine; Release; Human; IgE; analysis; IgG; Middle; Age; Radioallergosorbent; Test; methods; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; browse; us; government; gov't; 240 | ||||
Abstract | In this study, we investigated the cross-reactivity pattern of IgE and IgG4 antibodies to the major feline allergen, Fel d I. We studied the IgE and IgG4 response of 11 cat-allergic patients against Fel d I-like structures in eight members of the Felidae family: ocelot, puma, serval, siberian tiger, lion, jaguar, snow leopard, and caracal. Hair from these “big cats” was collected, extracted, and used in a RAST system and histamine-release test. By means of a RAST-inhibition assay with affinity-purified Fel d I from cat dander, it was established that, in the Felidae species, a Fel d I equivalent is present that reacts with IgE and IgG4 antibodies. We found that all patients had cross-reacting IgE antibodies to seven of the Felidae tested; no IgE antibodies reactive with the caracal were found. Eight of 10 patients with IgG4 antibodies directed to cat dander also had IgG4 antibodies directed to several Felidae species, including the caracal. However, the correlation between the IgE and the IgG4 antibody specificity was low, indicating that, in the case of Fel d I IgE and IgG4, antibodies do not necessarily have the same specificity. | ||||
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ISSN | 0091-6749 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Document Type: eng | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 157 | Serial | 233 | ||
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Author | Guerrero, D. | ||||
Title | Animal behavior concerns & solutions: snow leopard (Uncia uncia) evaluation, zoo | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Anim.Keepers' Forum | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 25 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 56-58 |
Keywords | aggressive-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; diets; endangered; threatened-species; genetics; handling-methods; intraspecies-relationships; social-behavior; husbandry; zoos; snow leopard; aggressive; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; methods; intraspecies; relationships; social; browse; 1310 | ||||
Abstract | The author offers advice on how a captive-raised snow leopard cub could be acclimated to humans so it could be used as a zoo “ambassador”. The cub had negative experiences with humans and lacked socialization with other animals and conspecifics. Methods of avoiding and redirecting the cub's aggressive behavior are suggested. lgh. | ||||
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Notes | Ark Anim., Inc., P.O. Box 1154, Escondido, CA 92033-1154. e-mail: arkabc@arkanimals.com Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 338 | Serial | 358 | ||
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Author | Hunter, D. | ||||
Title | Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Cat News | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 26 | Issue | Pages | 15-16 | |
Keywords | asia; Mongolia; panthera uncia; endangered; threatened species; mammals; study methods; techniques; telemetry; snow leopard project; distribution; Gobi Desert; threatened; species; snow; leopard; snow-leopard; project; study; methods; panthera; uncia; browse; 630 | ||||
Abstract | A snow leopard project is underway to study snow leopards in Mongolia. The project, called the Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project, involves the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Mongolian Association for the Conservation of Nature and Environment, the National Geographic Society, the Mongolian Ministry of Nature and the Environment, the U.S. National Biological Service, and the International Snow Leopard Trust. The objective of the study is to survey the distribution and status of Mongolia's snow leopards, including those living in the Gobi Desert. klf. | ||||
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Notes | AUTHOR ADDRESS: Natl. Biol. Surv., MESC, 4512 McMurray Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80525-3400, NOTES: reprinted from: Snow Line (Intl. Snow Leopard Trust) Vol. XIV, 1996. Document Type: English Call Number: WR97-008333 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 310 | Serial | 392 | ||
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Author | Hunter, D.O.; Jackson, R.; Freeman, H.; Hillard, D. | ||||
Title | Project snow leopard: a model for conserving central Asia biodiversity | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 247-252 | ||
Keywords | conservation; habitat; Himalaya; parks; reserves; park; reserve; refuge; survey; methods; Slims; education; protected-area; anthropogenic-degradation; asia; China; Bhutan; India; Pakistan; Nepal; Afghanistan; Mongolia; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Project-snow-leopard; network; preybase; Islt; Usfws; Ners; Information-Network; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; anthropogenic; degradation; soviet; union; project; snow; leopard; international snow leopard trust; information; 2660 | ||||
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Publisher | International Snow Leopard Trust | Place of Publication | Usa | Editor | J.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Notes | Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 220 | Serial | 395 | ||
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Author | International Snow Leopard Trust | ||||
Title | Assessing Presence, relative abundance and habitat of snow leopards and their prey: a handbook of field techniques | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1992 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | habitat; surveys; methods; field-techniques; assessment; prey; browse; field techniques; field; techniques; 2700 | ||||
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Notes | Seattle, Washington. Out of date; no longer in circulation. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 197 | Serial | 405 | ||
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Author | Jianzhang, M.; Hongfei, Z.; Cheng, K. | ||||
Title | The Distribution Status of Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) in China | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Keywords | snow; leopard; habitat; distribution; study; methods; conservation; uncia; China; 5120 | ||||
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Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Islt | Editor | |
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Notes | Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 498 | Serial | 494 | ||
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Author | Koshkarev, E. | ||||
Title | Snow leopard along the border of Russia and Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Cat News | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 28 | Issue | Pages | 12-14 | |
Keywords | behavior; census; survey methods; desert-habitat; distribution; ecosystems; endangered; threatened species; home-range; territory; mammals; montane; Russia; Mongolia; scat-analysis; tracks; tracking; status; Hovsogul; Sayan; siberia; Hovsogol; browse; survey; methods; desert; habitat; threatened; species; home; range; scat; analysis; 550 | ||||
Abstract | The author discusses the distribution of snow leopards along the border of Russia and Mongolia. The range extension of the leopard indicates their ability to cross desert areas that separate mountain habitats.habitat; range extension; scat analysis; techniques; tracks/tracking | snow leopard | ||||
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Notes | Full Text at URL: Inst. Biol., Irkutsk Univ., Russia , data base: Wildlife Review AbstractsDocument Type: English | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 339 | Serial | 565 | ||
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Author | Namgay, K. | ||||
Title | Snow Leopard and Prey Population Conservation in Bhutan | Type | Report | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-5 | ||
Keywords | 2000; 30; activities; activity; asia; Bhutan; China; conservation; dates; Dorji; field; government; habitat; habitats; India; International; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; international snow leopard trust; Jigme; Jigme-Dorji; leopard; leopards; methods; national; National-park; national park; Nepal; Pakistan; park; plan; population; populations; prey; program; programs; project; region; regional; Report; Slims; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; staff; status; strategy; Support; survey; surveys; techniques; training; trust; ungulate; us; using; wild; wildlife; work; workshop; world-wildlife-fund; world wildlife fund; Wwf | ||||
Abstract | Snow leopard conservation work in Bhutan dates back to 1999 and 2000 when the International Snow Leopard Trust-in collaboration with the Royal Government of Bhutan and World Wildlife Fund-initiated a training workshop. More than 30 government staff were trained in SLIMS survey techniques. As a part of the training exercise, a preliminary survey on snow leopard was also carried out using the SLIMS methods in Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park. Based on the survey results, we estimated there was a population of 100 snow leopards in the wild and 10,000 km2 of habitat. In 2005, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) organized the WWF/South Asia Regional Workshop on Snow leopard Conservation in Bhutan. Both regional (Bhutan, India, China, Nepal and Pakistan) and international experts revisited the snow leopard programs and developed a work plan for the overall conservation of the snow leopard in the region. This led to WWF's Regional Snow leopard Conservation Strategy. WWF is pleased to submit our final report to the International Snow Leopard Trust on the oneyear, $8,000 grant in support of Snow Leopard and Prey Population Conservation in Bhutan. With the support of the Snow Leopard Trust, we have made great strides towards achieving our goal for this project: To determine the current status of snow leopard and ungulate prey populations in prime snow leopard habitats. Major accomplishments and activities completed thanks to the generous support of the International Snow Leopard Trust include: Signed of a Terms of Reference between Royal Government, International Snow Leopard Trust – India, World Wildlife Fund and International Snow Leopard Trust -US; Developed a joint revised project work plan; and Purchased basic field supplies and equipment needed for the surveys planned. |
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Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program, 2006. Contact Thomas Dillon (202) 778-9766 phone or email Thomas.dillon@wwfus.org | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1074 | Serial | 714 | ||
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