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Author Islam, M., Sahana, M., Areendran, G., Jamir, C., Raj, K., Sajjad, H. pdf 
  Title Prediction of potential habitat suitability of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and niche overlap in the parts of western Himalayan region Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Geo: Geography and Environment Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 10 Issue e00121 Pages 1-15  
  Keywords bioclimatic variables, habitat suitability, MaxEnt model, niche overlap, western Himalayan region  
  Abstract The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) are the inhabitants of remote areas at higher altitudes with extreme geographic and climatic conditions. The habitats of these least-studied species are crucial for sustaining the Himalayan ecosystem. We employed the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) species distribution model to predict the potential habitat suitability of snow leopards and blue sheep and extracted common overlapped niches. For this, we utilised presence location, bio-climatic and environmental variables, and correlation analysis was applied to reduce the negative impact of multicollinearity. A total of 134 presence locations of snow leopards and 64 for blue sheep were selected from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The annual mean temperature (Bio1) was found to be the most useful and highly influential factor to predict the potential habitat suitability of snow leopards. Annual mean temperature, annual precipitation and isothermality were the major influencing factors for blue sheep habitat suitability. Highly influential bio-climatic, topographic and environmental variables were integrated to construct the model for predicting habitat suitability. The area under the curve (AUC) values for snow leopard (0.87) and blue sheep (0.82) showed that the models are under good representation. Of the total area investigated, 47% was suitable for the blue sheep and 38% for the snow leopards. Spatial habitat assessment revealed that nearly 11% area from the predicted suitable habitat class of both species was spatially matched (overlapped), 48.6% area was unsuitable under niche overlap and 40.5% area was spatially mismatched niche. The presence of snow leopards and blue sheep in some highly suitable areas was not observed, yet such areas have the potential to sustain these elusive species. The other geographical regions interested in exploring habitat suitability may find the methodological framework adopted in this study useful for formulating an effective conservation policy and management strategy.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1719  
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Author Thapa, K., Baral, S., Rahamajhi, S. pdf  url
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  Title Effectiveness of Human-Snow leopard co-existence measure- a systematic analysis Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Journal for Nature Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 76 Issue 126511 Pages 1-11  
  Keywords Community-based conservation, Himalayan, Snow leopard range countries  
  Abstract Snow leopards and agropastoral communities have co-existed in snow leopard range countries for centuries. The vulnerable snow leopard forms and maintains the entire ecosystem, serving as an indicator species of a healthy alpine ecosystem. However, snow leopards, on the other hand, habitually kill livestock, occasionally killing 100 or more livestock in a single night, resulting in snow leopard retaliation. Thus, the snow leopard is becoming more threatened, so more attention should be paid. Therefore, numerous conservation mitigation strategies have been applied to maintain human-snow leopard coexistence in countries of the snow leopard range. However, such implemented conservation strategies lacked a thorough assessment of their achievements or shortcomings in protecting the snow leopard and enhancing community tolerance. Therefore, we systematically examined and evaluated peer-reviewed articles and book chapters on existing and implemented mitigation measures. We use the software Publish or Perish to achieve this, and we assess using the Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) review approach. We thoroughly analyzed 42 papers and book chapters that were condensed human- snow leopard co-existence-related literature published in English from 2010 to 2023. Almost 90% of the papers were country-specific, with the remaining papers covering regional or snow leopard ranges countries. Nepal had the most papers, followed by China, India, and Mongolia; however, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Pakistan, Russia, and Tajikistan each had<10%, but there was no single document from Kazakhstan or Kyrgyzstan. Predator-proof corral, improved herding practices, and community-based insurance programs were three of the key recommendations that were more than 10 to 22 times proposed interventions. There are site-specific sociocultural situations and environments that require long-term action-oriented research that is area-specific rather than short-term and generic interventions. We identified a large knowledge gap in snow leopard research, specifically a lack of evidence that demonstrates and quantifies the effects of conservation actions, and strongly advise that it be further researched.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1735  
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Author Sharma, M., Khanyari, M., Khara, A., Bijoor, A., Mishra, C., Suryawanshi, K. R. pdf 
  Title Can livestock grazing dampen density-dependent fluctuations in wild herbivore populations? Type Journal Article
  Year 2024 Publication Journal of Applied Ecology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-12  
  Keywords competition, Gompertz state-space model, Himalaya, livestock, long-term study, negative density dependence, recruitment  
  Abstract 1. Conservation policy for the high mountains of Asia increasingly recognises the need to encompass large multi-use landscapes beyond the protected area network. Due to limited long-term research in this region, our understanding of even fundamental processes, such as factors regulating large mammal populations is poor.

2. Understanding the factors that regulate animal populations, especially those generating cyclicity, is a long-standing problem in ecology. Long-term research across multiple taxa (mainly from Europe and North America) has focussed on the relative roles of food and predation in generating cyclicity in population dynamics. It remains unclear how trophic interactions that are influenced by anthropogenic stressors can affect population dynamics in human-modified landscapes.

3. We present a 10-year study to compare the effects of livestock grazing on density-dependent dynamics in two populations of bharal, Pseudois nayaur, in the Himalayas. We combine this with a mechanistic understanding of whether density dependence in these two sites acts predominantly by affecting adult survival or recruitment. We compared and quantified density dependence in the bharal population by fitting Bayesian Gompertz state-space models.

4. We found evidence for negative density dependence which indicates possible cyclic dynamics in the bharal population of the site (Tabo) with low livestock density. The population dynamics of this site were driven by recruited offspring—with a 2-year density-dependent lag effect—rather than adult survival. In the site with high livestock density (Kibber), this density dependence was not detected. We postulate the potential role of excessive grazing by livestock in affecting offspring recruitment, thereby affecting the bharal population in Kibber.

5. Synthesis and applications: Our results suggest that conservation action to facilitate wild herbivore population recovery, such as the development of protected areas and village reserves, needs to account for density-dependent regulation. Sites with trophy hunting require continuous monitoring to understand the effects of density dependence so that appropriate hunting quotas can be formulated.
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1747  
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Author Sanyal, O., Bashir, T., Rana, M., Chandan, P. pdf 
  Title First photographic record of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Kishtwar High Altitude National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-5  
  Keywords Camera trapping, India, Kashmir Himalaya, Kishtwar, Panthera uncia, photographic record, snow leopard  
  Abstract The snow leopard Panthera uncia is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. It is the least well-known of the large felids because of its shy and elusive nature and the inaccessible terrain it inhabits across the mountains of Central and South Asia. We report the first photographic record of the snow leopard in Kishtwar High Altitude National Park, India. During our camera-trapping surveys, conducted using a grid-based design, we obtained eight photographs of snow leopards, the first at 3,280 m altitude on 19 September 2022 and subsequent photographs over 3,004-3,878 m altitude. We identified at least four different individuals, establishing the species’ occurrence in Kiyar, Nanth and Renai catchments, with a capture rate of 0.123 ± SE 0.072 captures/100 trap-nights. ghts. We also recorded the presence of snow leopard prey species, including the Siberian ibex Capra sibirica, Himalayan musk deer Moschus leucogaster, long-tailed marmot Marmota caudata and pika Ochotona sp., identifying the area as potential snow leopard habitat. Given the location of Kishtwar High Altitude National Park, this record is significant for the overall snow leopard conservation landscape in India. We recommend a comprehensive study across the Kishtwar landscape to assess the occupancy, abundance, demography and movement patterns of the snow leopard and its prey. In addition, interactions between the snow leopard and pastoral communities should be assessed to understand the challenges facing the conservation and management of this important high-altitude region.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1750  
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Author Anandakrishnan, M.B. url 
  Title The snow leopard: Elusive and endangered Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication The Environmental Magazine Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 18-19  
  Keywords Himalayan; poaching; tourism; development; Nepal; asia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 1070  
  Abstract The snow leopard has never been common, but there may be fewer than 4,000 left in its Himalayan habitat, and poaching and tourism-related development in the region could drive its numbers down further.  
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  Notes Copyright Earth Action Network, Inc. Sep/Oct 1998 Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 352 Serial 71  
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Author Bhatnagar, Y.V. url 
  Title Relocation from wildlife reserves in the Greater and Trans-Himalayas: Is it necessary? Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication Conservation and Society Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 6 Issue 3 Pages 263-270  
  Keywords wildlife reserves,relocation,Greater Himalayas,Trans-Himalayas; wildlife; reserves; relocation; Himalayas; Himalaya; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya  
  Abstract The Greater and Trans-Himalayan tracts are cold deserts that have severe seasonal and resource scarce environments. Covering the bulk of Indian Himalayas, they are a rich repository of biodiversity values and ecosystem services. The region has a large protected area (PA) network which has not been completely effective in conserving these unique values. The human population densities are much lower (usually < 1 per sq km) than in most other parts of the country (over 300 to a sq km). However, even such small populations can come into conflict with strict PA laws that demand large inviolate areas, which can mainly be achieved through relocation of the scattered settlements. In this paper, I reason that in this landscape relocation is not a tenable strategy for conservation due to a variety of reasons. The primary ones are that wildlife, including highly endangered ones are pervasive in the larger landscape (unlike the habitat 'islands' of the forested ecosystems) and existing large PAs usually encompass only a small proportion of this range. Similarly, traditional use by people for marginal cultivation, biomass extraction and pastoralism is also as pervasive in this landscape. There does exist pockets of conflict and these are probably increasing owing to a variety of changes relating to modernisation. However, scarce resources, the lack of alternatives and the traditional practice of clear-cut division of all usable areas and pastures between communities make resettlement of people outside PAs extremely difficult. It is reasoned that given the widespread nature of the wildlife and pockets of relatively high density, it is important to prioritise these smaller areas for conservation in a scenario where they form a mosaic of small 'cores' that are more effectively maintained with local support and that enable wildlife to persist. These ideas have recently gained widespread acceptance in both government and conservation circles and may soon become part of national strategy for these areas.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 914 Serial 138  
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Author Burrard, G.   
  Title Big Game Hunting in the Himalayas and Tibet Type Book Whole
  Year 1925 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords hunting; big-game; Tibet; Himalayas; browse; big; game; 1860  
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  Corporate Author (down) Thesis  
  Publisher H. Jenkinns Place of Publication London Editor  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 11 Serial 203  
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Author Fox, J.; Nurbu, C.; Bhatt, S.; Chandola, A. url 
  Title Wildlife conservation and land-use changes in the Transhimalayan region of Ladakh, India Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1994 Publication Mountain-Research-and-Development. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue 1 Pages 39-60  
  Keywords conservation; India; Ladakh; land use; livstock; protected area; transhimalayan; Transhimalayan-Region  
  Abstract Changes in economy and land use are under way in the Indian Transhimalayan region of Ladakh, creating both negative and positive prospects for wildlife conservation in this sparsely populations and previously remote area. New livestock breeds, irrigation developments, farming practices, foreign tourists, and a large military presence are changing the way people view and use the mountainous land that surrounds them. With only 0.3% of the land currently arable, changes in wildlife and natural resource conservation are most apparent on Ladakh's extensive rangelands which are apparently undergoing a redistribution of use associated with social changes and recently introduced animal husbandry and farming practices. International endangered species such as the snow leopard, several wild ungulates, and the black-necked crane provide special incentive for conservation efforts in what are some of the best remaining natural areas in the mountainous regions to the north of the Himalayan crest. The success of newly created protected areas for wildlife conservation in Ladakh rests on an understanding of the effects of various development directions, a commitment to environmentally sensitive development amid the many competing demands on Ladakh's natural resources, conservation laws appropriate to human needs, and a clear recognition that solutions can be neither directly adaptable from other mountainous areas nor even widely applicable across the Himalayan region.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 930 Serial 286  
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Author Fox, J.L.; Chundawat, R.S.   
  Title Wolves in the Transhimalayan region of India: The continued survival of a low-density population Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Canadian Circumpolar Institute Occasional Publication No.35; Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 35 Issue Pages 95-103  
  Keywords Competition; Population-Density; Tibetan-Wolf; Transhimalayan-Region; Wildlife-Management; browse; population; density; tibetan; wolf; wildlife; management; transhimalayan; region; 710  
  Abstract Canadian Cirumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada/Second North American Symposium on Wolves, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 25-27, 1992  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 272 Serial 306  
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Author Fox, J.L. url 
  Title Rangeland management and wildlife conservation in the HKH Type Conference Article
  Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 53-57  
  Keywords Hindukush; himalayans; management; conservation; browse; 1880  
  Abstract  
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  Corporate Author (down) Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor D.J.Miller; S.R.Craig  
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  Notes ICIMOD, Katmandu Title, Monographic: Rangelands and Pastoral Development in the Hindukush-Himalayas. Proceedings of the regional experts meeting Place of Meeting: Katmandu, Nepal Date of Copyright: 1997 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 308 Serial 309  
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