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Mishra, C.; Bagchi, S. |
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Title |
Living with large carnivores: predation on livestock by the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) |
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2006 |
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Journal of Zoology |
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1-8 |
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large; carnivores; carnivore; predation; livestock; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia |
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Livestock predation by large carnivores and their retaliatory persecution by pastoralists are worldwide conservation concerns. Poor understanding of the ecological and social underpinnings of this human-wildlife conflict hampers effective conflict management programs. The endangered snow leopard Uncia uncia is involved in conflict with people across its mountainous range in South and Central Asia, where pastoralism is the predominant land use, and is widely persecuted in retaliation. We examined human-snow leopard conflict at two sites in the Spiti region of the Indian Trans-Himalaya, where livestock outnumber wild ungulates, and the conflict is acute. We quantified the snow leopard's dependence on livestock by assessing its diet in two sites that differed in the relative abundance of livestock and wild ungulates. We also surveyed the indigenous Buddhist community's attitudes towards the snow leopard in these two sites. Our results show a relatively high dependence of snow leopards on livestock. A higher proportion of the snow leopard's diet (58%) was livestock in the area with higher livestock (29.7 animals km^2) and lower wild ungulate abundance (2.1-3.1 bharal Pseudois nayaurkm^2), compared with 40% of diet in the area with relatively lower livestock (13.9km^2) and higher wild ungulate abundance (4.5-7.8 ibex Capra ibexkm^2). We found that the community experiencing greater levels of livestock losses was comparatively more tolerant towards the snow leopard. This discrepancy is explained by the presence of a conservation-incentive program at the site, and by differences in economic roles of livestock between these two communities. The former is more dependent on cash crops as a source of income while the latter is more dependent on livestock, and thereby less tolerant of the snow leopard. These data have implications for conflict management strategies. They indicate that the relative densities of livestock and wild prey may be reasonable predictors of the extent of predation by the snow leopard. However, this by itself is not an adequate measure of the intensity of conflict even in apparently similar cultural settings. |
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SLN @ rana @ 862 |
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696 |
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Mishra, C.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Datta, A. |
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Mammals of the high altitudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya: an assessment of threats and conservation needs |
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Miscellaneous |
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2006 |
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Oryx |
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40 |
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1 |
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1-7 |
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anthropogenic; area; Arunachal; assessment; awareness; bharal; biodiversity; carnivore; carnivores; community; community-based; conservation; deer; depredation; dhole; endangered; extinct; fauna; goral; grazing; habitat; habitats; High; Himalaya; hunting; incentives; India; indian; Iucn; leopard; livestock; livestock-depredation; livestock depredation; local; mammals; musk; musk-deer; nayaur; panthera; people; peoples; plant; plants; potential; Pseudois; Pseudois-nayaur; pseudois nayaur; range; recent; region; Report; reserve; resource; schools; snow; snow-leopard; snow leopard; species; survey; surveys; threat; threatened; threats; tiger; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; ungulate; ungulates; valley; wildlife; work; Panthera-tigris; tigris |
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The high altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh,India, located in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, remain zoologically unexplored and unprotected. We report results of recent mammal surveys in the high altitude habitats of western Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 35 mammal species (including 12 carnivores, 10 ungulates and 5 primates) were recorded, of which 13 are categorized as Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. One species of primate, the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala, is new to science and the Chinese goral Nemorhaedus caudatus is a new addition to the ungulate fauna of the Indian subcontinent. We documented peoples' dependence on natural resources for grazing and extraction of timber and medicinal plants. The region's mammals are threatened by widespread hunting. The snow leopard Uncia uncia and dhole Cuon alpinus are also persecuted in retaliation for livestock depredation. The tiger Panthera tigris, earlier reported from the lower valleys, is now apparently extinct there, and range reductions over the last two decades are reported for bharal Pseudois nayaur and musk deer Moschus sp.. Based on mammal species richness, extent of high altitude habitat, and levels of anthropogenic disturbance, we identified a potential site for the creation of Arunachal's first high altitude wildlife reserve (815 km2). Community-based efforts that provide incentives for conservation-friendly practices could work in this area, and conservation awareness programmes are required, not just amongst the local communities and schools but for politicians, bureaucrats and the army. |
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SLN @ rana @ 861 |
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697 |
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Prakash, I. |
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Title |
Asian predators of livestock |
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1985 |
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Parasites, pests and predators.World animal science |
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B2 |
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405-410 |
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predators; asia; snow-leopard; livestock; status; prey; Panthera-uncia; distribution; predator; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; panthera; uncia; 870 |
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Outlines the distribution, status and predatory behaviour on livestock of Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis, gharial Gavialis gangeticus and several species of Crocodylus and Python; and of wolf Canis lupus, Asiatic jackal C. aureus, dhole (Indian wild dog) Cuon alpinus, brown bear Ursus arctos, Asiatic black bear Selenarctos thibetanus, striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena, clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa, leopard (panther) Panthera pardus, tiger P. tigris, lion P. leo, snow leopard P. uncia, other Felidae and Viverridae. -P.J.Jarvis |
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ED: Gaafar,-S.M.; et-al. |
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SLN @ rana @ 84 |
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791 |
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Aromov B. |
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The Biology of the Snow Leopard in the Hissar Nature Reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1995 |
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108-109 |
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Uzbekistan; snow leopard; Hissar ridge; Hissar nature reserve; number; diet; breeding.; 6070; Russian; work; Data; biology; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; nature; reserve; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; times; tracks; pugmarks; Feed; ibex; kills; kill; Age; records; predation; Case; horses; horse; marmot; Himalayan; domestic; goat; wild; wild boar; sheep; Cattle; attack |
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The work contains data on biology snow leopard in Hissar nature reserve, Uzbekistan. The number of snow leopards in this reserve has increased from two or four in 1981 to between 13 and 17 individuals in 1994. Since 1981, snow leopards have been sighted 72 times and their tracks or pugmarks 223 times. In the Hissar Nature Reserve snow leopards largely feed on ibex. Over a period of 14 years, 92 kills and remains of ibex aged from one to thirteen years of age have been examined. Other records of predation, by the number of events observed, include 33 cases of juvenile and mature horses, 25 long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata). 18 Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayemis), 17 domestic goat, 13 wild boar (Sus scrofa), five domestic sheep and three incidents involving cattle. Twenty-two attacks on domestic flocks were reported, and these occurred during both the daytime and at night. Snow leopards usually mate between the 20th of February and March 20th. The offspring are born in late April to May, and there are usually two per litter (23 encounters), although a single litter of three has also been recorded. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceeding of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad. |
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SLN @ rana @ 586 |
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99 |
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Fox, J. |
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A Review of the Status and Ecology of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) |
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1989 |
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5440; status; ecology; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Booklet |
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SLN @ rana @ 528 |
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285 |
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Andriuskevicius, A. |
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Occurrance of Snow Leopards in the Soviet Union |
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1980 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
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2 |
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59-69 |
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2290; area; areas; browse; distribution; park; parks; protected; protected-area; protected area; protected areas; refuge; reserve; reserves; Russia; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; soviet; Soviet-Union; soviet union; status; U.S.S.R.; union; Ussr |
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Outlines status and distribution of snow leopard in USSR, including comments on reserves created for the species. |
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SLN @ rana @ 51 |
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73 |
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Ganhar, J. |
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The Wildlife of Ladakh |
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1979 |
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Ladakh; snow-leopard; preserves; preserve; park; parks; refuge; protected-area; Hemis; snow leopard; browse; protected; area; 1920 |
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Haramukh Publications |
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Srinagar, India |
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ProCite field [12]: (1979) |
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SLN @ rana @ 48 |
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331 |
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Allen, P.; Macray, D. |
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Snow Leopard Enterprises Description and Summarized Business Plan |
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2002 |
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snow; leopard; enterprises; buisness; plan; habitat; humans; conflict; irbis; products; wool; conservation; marketing; Mongolia; social; economic; conflicts; country; countries; socks; hats; gloves; 4890; Human; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; central; Central Asia; asia; ecosystem; region; populations; population; herders; herder; threat; potential; impact; environment; Elements; landscape; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; snow-leopard-enterprises |
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The habitat for both humans and snow leopards in Central Asia is marginal, the ecosystem fragile. The struggle for humans to survive has often, unfortunately, brought them into conflict with the region's dwindling snow leopard populations. Herders commonly see leopards as a threat to their way of life and well-being. Efforts to improve the living conditions of humans must consider potential impacts on the environment. Likewise, conservation initiatives cannot ignore humans as elements of the landscape with a right to live with dignity and pride. Based on these principles, the International Snow Leopard Trust has developed a new conservation model that addresses the needs of all concerned.
We call it Snow Leopard Enterprises.. |
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Islt |
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Seattle |
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Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA |
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SLN @ rana @ 475 |
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68 |
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Usgs; International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Snow Leopard Habitat Map |
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1995 |
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map; habitat; 4860; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; range; Pakistan; resource; Division; trust; International; symposium; Jackson |
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ISLT and World Wide Fund for Nature - Pakistan |
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Pakistan |
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Snow leopard range map published in: Proceedings of the Eighth International Snow Leopard Symposium. Held in Islamabad, Pakistan 12-16 November 1995. Editors of proceedings: Rodney Jackson and Ashiq Ahmad. Map authors U.S.G.S. Biological Resources Division and Snow Leopard Trust. Page 9. |
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SLN @ rana @ 471 |
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979 |
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Jackson, R. |
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Third Slims Workshop held in Mongolia |
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1995 |
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xiii |
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Slims; Mongolia; fieldwork; surveys; Project-snow-leopard; Islt; Macne; McCarthy; hunting; conflict; herders; prey; poaching; predation; gobi; browse; 4570 |
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Islt |
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Full text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line |
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SLN @ rana @ 445 |
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455 |
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