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Ikeda, N. |
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Title |
Economic impacts of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal Himalaya |
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2004 |
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Environmental Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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31 |
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322-330 |
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Keywords |
herder; Kanchenjunga Conservation Area; local resident; park people conflict; wildlife conservation; yak.; snow leopard |
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It is necessary to fully understand the economic conditions of local herders in order to find solutions to the conflicts between wildlife conservation and livestock rearing in remote areas of low-income countries. In the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA), Nepal, livestock depredation by snow leopards impacts on yak herders' livelihoods. Retaliatory killings of snow leopard by the herders have been reported and the concerned authorities recently initiated snow leopard conservation programmes. In 2001, interviews with the yak herders who used the pastures in the Ghunsa valley in the preceding year collected data on the incidence of livestock death caused by snow leopards. The annual net cash income of the yak herders was estimated by obtaining baseline values of sales and expenditure per livestock head through field measurement of dairy products and interviews with a sample of herders. As yet, the average annual damage does not appear to have adversely affected fundamental livelihoods in households with an average herd size (36.6 head). However, in the worst scenario of livestock depredation, households with medium or small-sized herds (<40 head) might risk their living conditions becoming unsustainable or having to withdraw from yak pastoralism. A supplementary interview showed that the majority of the herders, except those who took completely neutral attitudes towards the regional conservation and development programme, had negative views of the snow leopard conservation policy. For the snow leopard conservation programme in the KCA to be a success, there must be a system to compensate the herders' households for livestock damage. |
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Full article not available on SLN bibliography due to copyright concerns. |
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SLN @ rana @ 906 |
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402 |
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Espinosa-Aviles, D.; Taylor, M.L.; Del Rocio Reyes-Montes, M.; Pe'rez-Torrez, A. |
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Title |
Molecular findings of disseminated histoplasmosis in two captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia) |
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Miscellaneous |
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2008 |
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Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine |
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39 |
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450-454 |
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captive; histoplasmosis; Immunohistochemistry; Molecular; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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This paper reports two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis in captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia). Histoplasmosis was diagnosed based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and molecular findings. |
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SLN @ rana @ 907 |
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268 |
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Author |
Khan, J. |
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Title |
Markets for Snow Leopards: Enviropreneur Snapshots |
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Miscellaneous |
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2008 |
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PERC Reports |
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26 |
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1-1 |
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conservation; economic; incentives; income; protection; snow leopard; sustainable; wildlife |
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Over the years, many conservation actions and practices to protect the snow leopard have been tried and tested. Those that have been successful and sustainable are programs that link economics with conservation. Some of these practices may not be appreciated by traditional conservationists, but no one can refute the success of these actions. The saying, “when it pays, it stays,” rings true with snow leopard conservation. Locals have realized that their income and prosperity are linked with the protection of wildlife. For conservation efforts to be effective, it is crucial to involve people who share the snow leopard's mountain environment and provide them with economic incentives for
enhancing and protecting the habitat. |
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Online publication: http://www.perc.org/articles/article1104.php |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 909 |
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532 |
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Sulser, C.E.; Steck, B.L.; Baur, B. |
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Title |
Effects of construction noise on behaviour of and exhibit use by Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo |
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Miscellaneous |
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2008 |
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International Zoo Yearbook |
Abbreviated Journal |
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42 |
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199-205 |
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behaviour; captive; construction noise; exhibit use; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Noise caused by human activities can cause stress in animals. We examined whether noise from construction sites affects the behaviour of and exhibit use by three Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo. The behaviour and location of the animals were recorded at 1 minute intervals, using the instantaneous scan sampling method over a period of 216 hours (104 hours on noisy days and 112 hours on quiet days). The animals differed individually in their responses to the construction noise. On noisy days, the Snow leopards generally spent less time in locomotion and more time resting, but even on quiet days, resting was the predominant behaviour performed. Under noisy conditions, they increased social resting and decreased resting alone. Walking and social walking were also reduced on noisy days. Furthermore, the Snow leopards spent considerably more time in the remote offexhibit enclosure under noisy conditions. Independent of background noise, they stayed more than half of the time in the caves and the forecourts of the outdoor enclosure. On quiet days, the Snow leopards used more sectors of their exhibit than on noisy days. The results indicate that the Snow leopards responded to construction noise by increasing the amount of time spent resting and by withdrawing to the remote parts of their exhibit. |
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SLN @ rana @ 910 |
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943 |
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Zhang, F.; Jiang, Z.; Zeng, Y.; McCarthy, T. |
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Title |
Development of primers to characterize the mitochondrial control region of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Molecular Ecology Notes |
Abbreviated Journal |
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7 |
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1196-1198 |
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Keywords |
control region,Felidae,mitochondrial DNA,snow leopard,species-specific primers; genetics; development; mitochondrial; control; region; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia |
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The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a rare carnivore living above the snow line in central Asia. Using universal primers for the mitochondrial genome control region hypervariable
region 1 (HVR1), we isolated a 411-bp fragment of HVR1 and then designed specific primers
near each end of this sequence in the conserved regions. These primers were shown to yield
good polymerase chain reaction products and to be species specific. Of the 12 snow leopards
studied, there were 11 segregating sites and six haplotypes. An identification case of snow
leopard carcass (confiscated by the police) proved the primers to be a useful tool for forensic
diagnosis in field and population genetics studies. |
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SLN @ rana @ 911 |
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1073 |
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Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D. |
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Estimating Snow Leopard Population Abundance Using Photography and Capture-Recapture Techniques |
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Miscellaneous |
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2006 |
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Wildlife Society Bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
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34 |
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3 |
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772-781 |
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abundance; camera trapping; capture rates; dentistry; identification; India; photography; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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Conservation and management of snow leopards (Uncia uncial) has largely relied on anecdotal evidence and presence-absence data due to their cryptic nature and the difficult terrain they inhabit. These methods generally lack the scientific rigor necessary to accurately estimate population size and monitor trends. We evaluated the use of photography in capture-mark-recapture (CMR) techniques for estimating snow leopard population abundance and density within Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India. We placed infrared camera traps along actively used travel paths, scent-sprayed rocks, and scrape sites within 16-30 kmý sampling grids in successive winters during January and March 2003-2004. We used head-on, oblique, and side-view camera configurations to obtain snow leopard photographs at varying body orientations. We calculated snow leopard abundance estimates using the program CAPTURE. We obtained a total of 66 and 49 snow leopard captures resulting in 8.91 and 5.63 individuals per 100 trap nights during 2003 and 2004, respectively. We identified snow leopards based on the distinct pelage patters located primarily on the forelimbs, flanks, and dorsal surface of the tail. Capture probabilities ranged from 0.33 to 0.67. Density estimates ranged from 8.49 (SE+0.22) individuals per 100 kmý in 2003 to 4.45 (SE+0.16) in 2004. We believe the density disparity between years is attributable to different trap density and placement rather than to an actual decline in population size. Our results suggest that photographic capture-mark-recapture sampling may be a useful tool for monitoring demographic patterns. However, we believe a larger sample size would be necessary for generating a statistically robust estimate of population density and abundance based on CMR models. |
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SLN @ rana @ 912 |
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476 |
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Barnett, K.C.; Lewis, J.C.M. |
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Title |
Multiple ocular colobomas in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) |
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Miscellaneous |
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2002 |
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Veterinary Ophthalmology |
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5 |
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197-199 |
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captive; Coloboma; cub; eyelid; ocular fundus; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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Two singleton female snow leopard cubs are reported with bilateral central upper lid colobomas. In addition, one cub had a coloboma of the fundus in one eye extending from the lower optic disc region. Surgical treatment by wedge resection was successful in both cases. Details of ocular colobomas in the other snow leopards reported in the literature are described and it is suggested that the exact etiology of the condition in this species may be discovered by further study of similar colobomas in the domestic cat. |
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SLN @ rana @ 913 |
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119 |
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Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. |
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Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo |
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2008 |
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Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |
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11 |
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74-83 |
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behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo |
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This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing. |
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SLN @ rana @ 915 |
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202 |
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Dexel, B. |
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The illegal trade in snow leopards – a global perspective |
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2003 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
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8 |
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5-17 |
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conservation; german; Germany; global; illegal; illegal-trade; leopard; leopards; nature; nature conservation; project; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopard project; snow leopards; trade |
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Coordinator Snow Leopard Project, German Society for Nature Conservation, Berlin, Germany. Email: birga.dexel@nabu.de |
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SLN @ rana @ 916 |
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240 |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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Status of the captive snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in 1987 |
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1989 |
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International Zoo News |
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3-11 |
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captive; panthera uncia; snow leopard; status |
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SLN @ rana @ 917 |
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