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Kazensky, C.A.; Munson, L.; Seal, U.S. |
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Title |
The effects of melengestrol acetate on the ovaries of captive wild felids |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine |
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29 |
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1 |
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1-5 |
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Mga; zoo; felids; contraception; Melengestrol-acetate; ovaries; snow-leopard; Panthera-uncia; snow leopard; browse; uncia; panthera; melengestrol; acetate; 1260; effects; study; ovarian; Ovary; captive; wild; wild felid; Wild-Felid; species; Follicle; Cats; cat; recent; Ovulation; doses; Dose; action; Progestin; Disease; veterinary |
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Melengestrol acetate (MGA) is the most widely used contraceptive in zoo felids, but the mechanism of contraception and the pathologic effects have not been investigated. For this study, the effects of MGA on folliculogenesis were assessed, and the association of MGA with ovarian lesions was evaluated. Comparisons were made among the histopathologic findings in the ovaries from 88 captive wild felids (representing 15 species) divided into three groups: 37 currently contracepted with MGA, eight previously exposed to MGA, and 43 never contracepted. Ninety-one percent of the felids evaluated had tertiary follicles, and no differences were noted between contracepted and uncontracepted cats. Some MGA-contracepted cats also had corpora lutea indicating recent ovulation. These results indicate that folliculogenesis is not suppressed by current doses of MGA and ovulation occurred in some cats. Therefore, the contraceptive actions of MGA do not occur by suppressing folliculogenesis, and MGA-contracepted felids likely have endogenous estrogens that may confound progestin effects on the uterus. Cystic rete ovarii was the most common pathologic finding, but they were not more prevalent in MGA-contracepted cats. These findings indicate that MGA is not associated with ovarian disease, including ovarian cancer, in contrast to the uterine lesions noted in MGA-treated cats. |
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Document Type: English. Affiliation: Taylor Veterinary Hospital, Turlock , California 95382, USA |
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SLN @ rana @ 348 |
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527 |
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Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N. |
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Title |
Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment |
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Year |
1998 |
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Adv.Etho |
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33 |
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43 |
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abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management |
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Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management. |
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WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). |
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SLN @ rana @ 349 |
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897 |
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Freeman, H. |
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Social Behavior in the Snow Leopards and its implications for captive management |
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1978 |
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Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
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1 |
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71-77 |
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social; behavior; captive; management; captivity; zoo; zoos; browse; 3600 |
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SLN @ rana @ 44 |
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314 |
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Bannikov A.G. |
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Title |
We must save them |
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1982 |
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49-50 |
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Ussr; endangered species; Red Data book; snow leopard; biology; distribution; number; captive breeding; conservation.; 6160; Russian |
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It describes the USSR's fauna species included in the Red Data Book and gives an assessment of endangered species conservation practices throughout the world. It says about ways and perspectives of conservation and rehabilitation of rare animals in the USSR. It provides brief information concerning snow leopard's biology, distribution, number, opportunities for captive breeding, and international conservation activities aimed to protect this species. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 594 |
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113 |
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Freeman, H. |
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Title |
Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) |
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1983 |
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Zoo Biology |
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2 |
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1 |
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1-22 |
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behavior; zoo; zoos; captive; captivity; estrus; breeding; mating; veterinary; browse; 1600 |
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Eight adult pairs of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were observed for one to three years in the months December through March to determine the species' social and reproductive characteristics in captivity. To statistically examine the occurrence of behaviors as a function of estrus, the observation weeks were divided into three time blocks: before estrus, estrus, and after estrus. Using percentage of scan samples as an estimate of time spent in various behaviors, 16 behaviors and combined behavior categories were examined for (1) behaviors that differentiated successfully from unsuccessfully breeding pairs, (2) sex differences in behavior, (3) significant correlations between pair members, and (4) behaviors that showed time block effects. The rationale for identifying a behavioral profile of successful breeders in snow leopards was to aid zoos in their captive management programs by increasing their knowledge of the social behavior of this species. By finding correlates to breeding success, informed decisions on whether to change partners after a certain period of time, how to group the cats, and the optimum strategy for a survival plan can be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 60 |
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319 |
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Burgelo T.B. |
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Brief information of snow leopard |
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1986 |
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54-55 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; records; analysis of food remains; captive breeding.; 6400; Russian |
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This article describes the encounters with snow leopard and their traces in various areas of Kazakhstan. In the Aksu Djabagly nature reserve, population of snow leopard does not exceed 10-12 animals. There were found remains of moral, argali, ibex, small birds, red-tailed marmot, hare (Lepus talai), mouse rodents and plants. One encounter with snow leopard is known to have occurred in the Greater Almaty Canyon in 1971-1981. There are no less than 25 snow leopards in the Jungar Ala-Tau. Snow leopard was found in the Aksu river valley, ridge Saur, and South Altai. The following number of snow leopards was kept in Kazakhstan's zoos, as of January 1, 1984: two males in Alma-Ata, one female in Chimkent. In 1976, one cub was born in the Alma-Ata zoo. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare animals of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 618 |
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201 |
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Grachev Yu.A. |
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Snow leopard |
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Miscellaneous |
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1996 |
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Vol.1.Animals. Part 1.Vertebrates. |
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246-247 |
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Kazakhstan; Red Data book; category of threat; distribution; number; conservation measure; captive breeding; snow leopard.; 6810; Russian |
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Status: rare (Category III). Distribution: Tien Shan mountains, Tarbagatai, Saur and Altai mountains. Total number in Kazakhstan does not exceed 200 individuals. The main threats are poaching and reduction number of preys. In Almaty Zoo captive breeding was successful in 1976 and 1985. Snow leopard is protected in Aksu Jabagly, Almaty and Markakol nature reserves. To ensure the survival of the species it is necessary to establish a reserve in Dzhungar mountains and to improve protection in existing nature reserves. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The Red data book of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 659 |
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343 |
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Kovalev A.K. |
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Markhor in the Ramit nature reserve, Tajikistan |
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1990 |
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Vol.3. |
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247-248 |
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Tajikistan; Khazratishok ridge; Darvaza ridge; markhor; number; nature conservation; zakaznik; Ramit nature reserve; captive breeding; prey species; snow leopard.; 7320; Russian |
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The marchor habitat in Tajikistan is fragmented. The animals are reproduced in enclosures of the Ramit nature reserve and released into wildlife in Khel canyon. Two females were killed by snow leopard. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR present and future. |
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SLN @ rana @ 710 |
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577 |
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Pokrovskiy V.S. |
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The role of zoos in conservation of rare predator mammal species |
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Miscellaneous |
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1979 |
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54-56 |
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snow leopard; captive breeding; Zoo.; 7950; Russian |
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Snow leopards are kept in 50 zoos worldwide, where some 70 animals were born. There are 26 snow leopards in 28 zoos of the USSR. The zoos of Chicago and Kaunas are specialized in breeding snow leopards. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 773 |
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781 |
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Waits, L.P.; Buckley-Beason, V.A.; Johnson, W.E.; Onorato, D.; McCarthy, T. |
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A select panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci for individual identification of snow leopards (Panthera uncia)
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2006 |
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Molecular Ecology Notes |
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7 |
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311-314 |
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identification; leopard; leopards; microsatellites,noninvasive genetic sampling,Panthera uncia,snow leopard; panthera; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; endangered; carnivores; carnivore; mountain; region; central; Central Asia; asia; methods; conservation; management; Molecular; individual identification; Hair; domestic; cat; felis; captive; number; probability; using; wild |
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Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive endangered carnivores found in remote mountain regions of Central Asia. New methods for identifying and counting snow leopards are needed for conservation and management efforts. To develop molecular genetic tools for individual identification of hair and faecal samples, we screened 50 microsatellite loci developed for the domestic cat (Felis catus) in 19 captive snow leopards. Forty-eight loci were polymorphic with numbers of alleles per locus ranging from two to 11. The probability of observing matching genotypes for unrelated individuals (2.1 x10-11) and siblings (7.5x10-5) using the 10 most polymorphic loci was low, suggesting that this panel would easily discriminate among individuals in the wild. |
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SLN @ rana @ 865 |
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1001 |
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Riordan, P. |
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Unsupervised recognition of individual tigers and snow leopards from their footprints |
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1998 |
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Animal Conservation |
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1 |
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253-262 |
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captive; panthera tigris; panthera uncia; snow leopard; techniques; tiger |
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This study presents the testing of two unsupervised classification methods for their ability to accurately identify unknown individual tigers, Panthera tigris, and snow leopards, Panthera uncia, from their footprints. A neural-network based method, the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), and a Bayesian method, AutoClass, were assessed using hind footprints taken from captive animals under standardized conditions. AutoClass successfully discriminated individuals of both species from their footprints. Classification accuracy was greatest for tigers, with more misclassification of individuals occurring for snow leopards. Examination of variable influence on class formations failed to identify consistently influential measurements for either species. The self-organizing map did not provide accurate classification of individuals for either species. Results were not substantially improved by altering map dimensions nor by using principal components derived from the original data. The interpretation of resulting classifications and the importance of using such techniques in the study of wild animal populations are discussed. The need for further testing in the field is highlighted. |
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SLN @ rana @ 896 |
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823 |
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Espinosa-Aviles, D.; Taylor, M.L.; Del Rocio Reyes-Montes, M.; Pe'rez-Torrez, A. |
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Molecular findings of disseminated histoplasmosis in two captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia) |
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2008 |
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Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine |
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39 |
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450-454 |
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captive; histoplasmosis; Immunohistochemistry; Molecular; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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This paper reports two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis in captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia). Histoplasmosis was diagnosed based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and molecular findings. |
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SLN @ rana @ 907 |
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268 |
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Sulser, C.E.; Steck, B.L.; Baur, B. |
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Effects of construction noise on behaviour of and exhibit use by Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo |
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2008 |
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International Zoo Yearbook |
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42 |
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199-205 |
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behaviour; captive; construction noise; exhibit use; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Noise caused by human activities can cause stress in animals. We examined whether noise from construction sites affects the behaviour of and exhibit use by three Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo. The behaviour and location of the animals were recorded at 1 minute intervals, using the instantaneous scan sampling method over a period of 216 hours (104 hours on noisy days and 112 hours on quiet days). The animals differed individually in their responses to the construction noise. On noisy days, the Snow leopards generally spent less time in locomotion and more time resting, but even on quiet days, resting was the predominant behaviour performed. Under noisy conditions, they increased social resting and decreased resting alone. Walking and social walking were also reduced on noisy days. Furthermore, the Snow leopards spent considerably more time in the remote offexhibit enclosure under noisy conditions. Independent of background noise, they stayed more than half of the time in the caves and the forecourts of the outdoor enclosure. On quiet days, the Snow leopards used more sectors of their exhibit than on noisy days. The results indicate that the Snow leopards responded to construction noise by increasing the amount of time spent resting and by withdrawing to the remote parts of their exhibit. |
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SLN @ rana @ 910 |
Serial |
943 |
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Author |
Barnett, K.C.; Lewis, J.C.M. |
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Title |
Multiple ocular colobomas in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Veterinary Ophthalmology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
5 |
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Pages |
197-199 |
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Keywords |
captive; Coloboma; cub; eyelid; ocular fundus; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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Two singleton female snow leopard cubs are reported with bilateral central upper lid colobomas. In addition, one cub had a coloboma of the fundus in one eye extending from the lower optic disc region. Surgical treatment by wedge resection was successful in both cases. Details of ocular colobomas in the other snow leopards reported in the literature are described and it is suggested that the exact etiology of the condition in this species may be discovered by further study of similar colobomas in the domestic cat. |
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SLN @ rana @ 913 |
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119 |
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Author |
Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. |
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Title |
Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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11 |
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74-83 |
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behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo |
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This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing. |
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SLN @ rana @ 915 |
Serial |
202 |
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Author |
Blomqvist, L. |
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Title |
Status of the captive snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in 1987 |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1989 |
Publication |
International Zoo News |
Abbreviated Journal |
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3-11 |
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captive; panthera uncia; snow leopard; status |
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SLN @ rana @ 917 |
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163 |
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Author |
Blomqvist, L. |
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Title |
Captive status of the snow leopard in Europe 2001 |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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8 |
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27-30 |
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Keywords |
captive; status; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard |
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SLN @ rana @ 918 |
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170 |
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Author |
Stidworthy, M.F.; Lewis, J.C.M.; Penderis, J.; Palmer, A.C. |
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Progressive encephalomyelopathy and cerebellar degeneration in a captive-bred snow leopard (Uncia uncia) |
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Miscellaneous |
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2009 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Record |
Abbreviated Journal |
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162 |
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522-524 |
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captive; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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PROGRESSIVE encephalomyelopathy with cerebellar degeneration has been described in captive cheetahs (Palmer and others 2001) and in young domestic cats (Palmer and Cavanagh 1995). This case report describes the clinical and histopathological findings in a very similar condition affecting a young snow leopard (Uncia uncia) that had been born in a zoological park in eastern England as part of the globally coordinated breeding programme for this critically endangered species. |
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SLN @ rana @ 922 |
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937 |
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Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Smith, R.C.; Lewis, C.R. |
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Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone, and sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the leopard (Panthera pardus) |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Journal of Reproductive Fertility |
Abbreviated Journal |
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82 |
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43-49 |
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captive; Ovulation; Panthera pardus; Progesterone; Serum; sexual behaviour |
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Abstract |
Three mature nulliparous female leopards were studied for 5 years. During three separate 6-month periods serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals. Oestradiol was elevated over 21 pg/ml for 54 weeks during these 3 periods, and 36 oestradiol peaks (65\m=.\8\m=+-\6\m=.\3pg/ml (mean \m=+-\s.e.m.), range 21\p=n-\172pg/ml) were identified. Daily frequency of feline reproductive behaviours averaged over each week increased from 1\m=.\9\m=+-\0\m=.\2(n = 93) during weeks with low serum oestradiol concentrations (<21 pg/ml) to 5\m=.\3\m=+-\0\m=.\6(n = 54) during weeks when serum oestradiol concentrations (>21 pg/ml) were high. Increased serum progesterone concentrations (13\p=n-\98n/gml) were observed on 5 occasions in 2 leopards housed together. These presumptive luteal phases lasted from 1 to 5 weeks. Baseline progesterone values were 1\m=.\6\m=+-\0\m=.\4 ng/m(nl= 131). No progesterone increments were observed in isolated animals, and serum concentrations remained at baseline levels. These limited observations suggest that female leopards do not require intromission to induce ovulation and luteal function. The average interval between oestradiol peaks for cycles with no progesterone increment was 3\m=.\4weeks (range 1\p=n-\6weeks). The interval for the 3 complete cycles associated with elevated progesterone concentrations was 7\m=.\3weeks. Analysis of sexual behaviours over the 5-year study period revealed no evidence of seasonality in these
captive leopards. |
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SLN @ rana @ 923 |
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873 |
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Author |
Nishine, Y. |
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Title |
Development of the captive breeding programme (SSCJ) in Japan 1997-2001 |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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8 |
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25-26 |
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captive; captive breeding; Japan |
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SLN @ rana @ 925 |
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722 |
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Joslin, J.O.; Garner, M.; Collins, D.; Kamaka, E.; Sinabaldi, K.; Meleo, K.; Montali, R.; Sundberg, J.; Jenson, A.B.; Ghim, S.; Davidow, B.; Hargis, A.; West, K.; Clark, T.; Haines, D. |
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Title |
Viral papilloma and squamous cell carcinomas in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) |
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Conference Article |
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2000 |
Publication |
2000 Proceedings AAZV & IAAAM Joint Conference |
Abbreviated Journal |
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155-158 |
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captive; snow leopard; squamous cell carcinoma; Uncia uncia; viral papilloma |
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AAZV & IAAAM Joint Conference |
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SLN @ rana @ 932 |
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506 |
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Author |
Blomqvist, L. |
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Title |
The 1978 register for the captive population of snow leopards, Panthera uncia |
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Journal Article |
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1979 |
Publication |
International Zoo News |
Abbreviated Journal |
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26 |
Issue |
7-8 |
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17-23 |
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captive; captive-population; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; population; snow leopard |
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SLN @ rana @ 955 |
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147 |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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Title |
The 1981 annual report of the captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) population |
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Report |
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1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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41-47 |
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captive; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; pedigree; population; snow leopard |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
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3 |
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SLN @ rana @ 956 |
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155 |
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Author |
Blomqvist, L. |
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The 1982 international captive snow leopard report |
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1983 |
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Snow Line |
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2 |
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1-1 |
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captive; International; Report; snow leopard |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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SLN @ rana @ 957 |
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159 |
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Author |
Blomqvist, L. |
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Title |
The 1979 world register for the captive population of snow leopards, Panthera uncia |
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Book Chapter |
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1980 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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62-75 |
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captive; captive-population; panthera uncia; snow leopard |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 997 |
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150 |
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