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	Author	Kashkarov D.N.
	Title	Living conditions and living in various parts of the mountainous Turkestan. Central Asian snow leopard, irbis			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1923	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Issue 2. The animals of mountainous Turkistan.	Issue		Pages	3-6
	Keywords	Turkestan; fauna; mammals; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7070; Russian
	Abstract	It describes fauna of the mountainous Turkestan. Irbis is met in Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and Kopet-Dag. Apart from Turkistan, it lives in the Altai, Tibet and on northern slopes of the Himalayas. In Kopet-Dag, this species is met with another panther Caucasian leopard. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine. It also attacks small livestock. Normally this species would never attack the man though hunters mentioned some cases that evidence otherwise.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The animals of Turkestan, their life and importance for man. Popular essays.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 685			Serial	518
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	Author	Kashkarov D.N.
	Title	Order Carnivora- Carnivores. Family Felidae-Cats			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1932	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	392-393
	Keywords	Turkestan; carnivores; Cats; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7090; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard inhabits Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and possibly Kopet-dag, as well as the Altai, Tibet, and northern slopes of the Himalayas. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, hare, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine and sometimes attacks livestock. Snow leopard is not considered a dangerous animal since even being wounded, it would escape from men and could only rush to the attack when deadlocked.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Turkestan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 687			Serial	520
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	Author	Pollock, R.V.; Carmichael, L.E.
	Title	Use of modified live feline panleukopenia virus vaccine to immunize dogs against canine parvovirus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Am J Vet Res	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	44	Issue	2	Pages	169-175
	Keywords	Animal; Antibodies; Viral; biosynthesis; Dog; Diseases; microbiology; prevention; control; Dogs; Dose; Response; Relationship; Immunologic; Parvoviridae; immunology; Parvovirus; Feline; growth; development; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; Vaccines; Attenuated; Virus; veterinary; Replication; browse; 350
	Abstract	Modified live feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) vaccine protected dogs against canine parvovirus (CPV) infection. However, unlike the long- lived (greater than or equal to 20-month) immunity engendered by CPV infection, the response of dogs to living FPLV was variable. Doses of FPLV (snow leopard strain) in excess of 10(5.7) TCID50 were necessary for uniform immunization; smaller inocula resulted in decreased success rates. The duration of immunity, as measured by the persistence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody, was related to the magnitude of the initial response to vaccination; dogs with vigorous initial responses resisted oronasal CPV challenge exposure 6 months after vaccination, and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies persisted in such dogs for greater than 1 year. Limited replication of FPLV in dogs was demonstrated, but unlike CPV, the feline virus did not spread to contact dogs or cats. Adverse reactions were not associated with living FPLV vaccination, and FPLV did not interfere with simultaneous response to attenuated canine distemper virus.
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	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 69			Serial	784
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	Author	Koshkarev E.
	Title	Critical Ranges as Centres of Biodiversity			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	N 14	Issue		Pages	37-38
	Keywords	Central Asia; biodiversity; rare species; species survival; snow leopard.; 7270; Russian
	Abstract	A high percentage of rare species in Central Asia experience limited conditions for distribution. Geographic centers with higher species diversity are generally constrained in terms of territory: they are formed when ranges overlap. But in Central Asia and along its borders with Russia, centers of biodiversity overlap at the very marginal edges of ranges. Central Asian species cross into Russian territory, where desert and steppe are replaced by thick forest. Here the northern borders of their ranges are sharply fragmented and isolated. Typical examples for Central Asia are the ranges of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), Asian leopard (Panthera pardus caucasica), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Bukhara deer (Census elaphus bactrianus), markhor (Capra falconeri), blue sheep (Pseudois nayauf) and argali (Ovis ammon). In Russia are the Altai subspecies of argali, the Siberian argali (O.a.ammon), the mountain goat (Capra sibirica), Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa), snow leopard (Uncia uncia), Pallas' cat (Felis manul), dhole (Cuon alpinus), grey marmot (Marmota baibacina), Mongolian marmot (M. sibirica) and tolai hare (Lepus tolai). Where the numbers o f individuals has fallen to extreme lows, the most effective mechanism for species survival may be supporting the integrity of ranges, in order to preserve population exchanges between neighboring groups. The geographic location of reserves and other protected territories is vitally important for the survival of Central Asian species, given the acute fragmentation of their ranges. These reserves should include significant, viable centers of population the key places. Wherever the creation of permanent protected territories is impossible, a new tactic must be found, such as introducing temporary limitations on the use of land for agriculture and hunting. But all protected territories, whether temporary or permanent, should be connected, forming a core and periphery. The marginal range areas must not be forgotten, if total protection of endangered populations is to be accomplished.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Russian Conservation News.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 705			Serial	555
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	Author	Kreuzberg-Mukhina E.A.
	Title	The Endangered species and Snow Leopard Conservation problems. Schoolbook			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	27
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; biology; distribution; number; conservation problems; snow leopard.; 7460; Russian
	Abstract	The manual contains the information on snow leopard species listed in Red Data book of Uzbekistan. The data on its biology, distribution and number in republic and within the world is given. Snow leopard conservation problems are considered.
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 724			Serial	591
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	Author	Kuznetsov B.A.
	Title	The mountainous province in Central Asia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1950	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Edition 20th. (XXXV). New series. Zoological secti	Issue		Pages	141-144
	Keywords	Central Asia; landscapes; biodiversity; mountain zone; fauna; snow leopard.; 7510; Russian
	Abstract	The landscape and biologic diversity of Central Asia's mountains are described. Different types of fauna complexes are segregated. Snow leopard, dhole, and ibex are referred to Central Asia's highland species.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Essay on geographical zoning in the USSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 729			Serial	600
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	Author	Meklenburtsev R.N.
	Title	About ecology of ibex in Pamir			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1949	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. 28, edition 5.	Issue		Pages	482-483
	Keywords	Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian
	Abstract	Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 742			Serial	674
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	Author	Ognev S.I.
	Title	Uncia uncia Sch., 1778. Irbis or snow leopard			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1935	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.3.	Issue		Pages	263-270
	Keywords	Ussr; snow leopard; taxonomy; biology; distribution.; 7790; Russian
	Abstract	It describes identification signs and taxonomy of genus Uncia Gray and the only representative of genus Uncia uncia Sch., 1778, distribution and some features of the species' biology. A habitat of snow leopard includes the mountains of Central Asia from Kopet-Dag and northern Iran to the east along the mountain systems of Pamir, Turkestan, Gilgit, Tibet, Himalayas before the country Kam. On the north, snow leopard is met in Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans, and further eastward to the Yablonoviy and Stanovoy ridges reaching the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the USSR and neighboring countries.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 757			Serial	737
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	Author	Razmakhnin V.E.
	Title	Siberian wild ibex			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1977	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	164-175
	Keywords	Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian
	Abstract	It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 783			Serial	810
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	Author	Sludsky A.A.
	Title	Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. III, Part 2.	Issue		Pages	222-240
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; taxonomy; distribution; number; biology; use; snow leopard.; 8190; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. Carnivora (Mustelidae, Felidae).			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 797			Serial	900
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	Author	Vashetko E.V.
	Title	On the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting Hissar Nature Reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1996	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Issue 1.	Issue		Pages	35-43
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; fauna; vertebrates; amphibians; reptiles; mammals; lizards; snakes; insectivores; bats; carnivores; ungulates; rodents; lagomorphs; species composition; biodiversity assessment; snow leopard.; 8460; Russian
	Abstract	The data on the species composition, numbers and distribution of the terrestrial vertebrates over territory Hissar nature reserve are discussed. About 60 species of amphibians, reptiles and mammals have been recorded in the reserve as a result of our own researches and the analyses of communication. There were recorded 5-7 individuals of snow leopard in Kyzylsu site of nature reserve and 15 individuals in Miraki site of nature reserve in 1979-1981.
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian.Journal Title: Proceeding of Nature Reserves in Uzbekistan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 823			Serial	981
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	Author	Zamoshnikov V.D.
	Title	Current status of biodiversity of Western Tien Shan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	101-108
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; biodiversity; Red Data book; snow leopard.; 8700; Russian
	Abstract	This paper deals with current status of biodiversity of Western Tien Shan. Just from mammals 6 species: Menzbier's marmot, dhole, Central Asian otter, snow leopard, Turkestan lynx, Tien Shan argali are included in Red dada Book of Kyrgyzstan.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity of Western Tien Shan. Status and perspectives.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 847			Serial	1072
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	Author	Mishra, C.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Datta, A.
	Title	Mammals of the high altitudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya: an assessment of threats and conservation needs			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2006	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	40	Issue	1	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	anthropogenic; area; Arunachal; assessment; awareness; bharal; biodiversity; carnivore; carnivores; community; community-based; conservation; deer; depredation; dhole; endangered; extinct; fauna; goral; grazing; habitat; habitats; High; Himalaya; hunting; incentives; India; indian; Iucn; leopard; livestock; livestock-depredation; livestock depredation; local; mammals; musk; musk-deer; nayaur; panthera; people; peoples; plant; plants; potential; Pseudois; Pseudois-nayaur; pseudois nayaur; range; recent; region; Report; reserve; resource; schools; snow; snow-leopard; snow leopard; species; survey; surveys; threat; threatened; threats; tiger; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; ungulate; ungulates; valley; wildlife; work; Panthera-tigris; tigris
	Abstract	The high altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh,India, located in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, remain zoologically unexplored and unprotected. We report results of recent mammal surveys in the high altitude habitats of western Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 35 mammal species (including 12 carnivores, 10 ungulates and 5 primates) were recorded, of which 13 are categorized as Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. One species of primate, the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala, is new to science and the Chinese goral Nemorhaedus caudatus is a new addition to the ungulate fauna of the Indian subcontinent. We documented peoples' dependence on natural resources for grazing and extraction of timber and medicinal plants. The region's mammals are threatened by widespread hunting. The snow leopard Uncia uncia and dhole Cuon alpinus are also persecuted in retaliation for livestock depredation. The tiger Panthera tigris, earlier reported from the lower valleys, is now apparently extinct there, and range reductions over the last two decades are reported for bharal Pseudois nayaur and musk deer Moschus sp.. Based on mammal species richness, extent of high altitude habitat, and levels of anthropogenic disturbance, we identified a potential site for the creation of Arunachal's first high altitude wildlife reserve (815 km2). Community-based efforts that provide incentives for conservation-friendly practices could work in this area, and conservation awareness programmes are required, not just amongst the local communities and schools but for politicians, bureaucrats and the army.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 861			Serial	697
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	Author	Ale, S.; Whelan, C.
	Title	Reappraisal of the role of big, fierce predators			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2008	Publication	Biodiversity Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	685-690
	Keywords	Biodiversity ú Conservation ú Costs of predation ú Indirect effects ú Non-lethal effects ú Predators ú Top-down control; big; predators; predator
	Abstract	The suggestion in the early 20th century that top predators were a necessary component of ecosystems because they hold herbivore populations in check and promote biodiversity was at Wrst accepted and then largely rejected. With the advent of Evolutionary Ecology and a more full appreciation of direct and indirect effects of top predators, this role of top predators is again gaining acceptance. The previous views were predicated upon lethal effects of predators but largely overlooked their non-lethal effects. We suggest that conceptual advances coupled with an increased use of experiments have convincingly demonstrated that prey experience costs that transcend the obvious cost of death. Prey species use adaptive behaviours to avoid predators, and these behaviours are not cost-free. With predation risk, prey species greatly restrict their use of available habitats and consumption of available food resources. Effects of top predators consequently cascade down to the trophic levels below them. Top predators, the biggies, are thus both the targets of and the means for conservation at the landscape scale.
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 885			Serial	52
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	Author	Roth, T.L.; Swanson, W.F.; Wildt, D.E.; Collins, D.; Burton, M.; Garell, D.M.
	Title	Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) spermatozoa are sensitive to alkaline pH, but motility in vitro is not influenced by protein or energy supplements			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of Andrology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	17	Issue		Pages	558-566
	Keywords	Felid,comparative biology,sperm culture medium,sperm function,capacitation,sodium bicarbonate.
	Abstract	To better understand the biology of snow leopard spermatozoa and to facilitate developing assisted reproduction, a series of studies was conducted to: 1) identify the component(s) of complex culture media responsible for the detrimental effect on sperm survival in vitro, 2) optimize medium for supporting sperm viability, and 3) evaluate sperm capacitation in vitro. Constituents of complex media were added systematically to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to isolate the factor(s) influencing snow leopard sperm motility in vitro. Sperm capacitation was also assessed following incubation in PBS with bovine serum albumin (BSA), fetal calf serum (FCS), or heparin. For maintaining sperm motility, there was no benefit (P ? 0.05) to supplementing PBS with low (5%) or high (20%) concentrations of snow leopard serum (SLS) versus FCS or BSA. Likewise, adding supplemental energy substrates (pyruvate, glucose, lactate, or glutamine) did not enhance or hinder (P ? 0.05) sperm motility. However, motility rapidly decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of NaHCO3 to PBS or Ham's F10 nutrient mixture. Surprisingly, Ham's F10 with no buffering component or with both NaHCO3 and N-Z-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2- ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) maintained sperm motility at levels similar (P ? 0.05) to PBS. Although sperm motility in all treatments decreased with time, there was a strong inverse relationship (P < 0.01; r = 0.90) between motility and sample pH at 6 hours. Spermatozoa incubated in PBS containing FCS, BSA, or heparin did not undergo the acrosome reaction when exposed to calcium ionophore. In summary, alkaline pH has a profound detrimental effect on snow leopard sperm motility, and capacitation does not occur under conditions that normally promote this event in other felid species. These results clearly demonstrate a high degree of interspecific variation among felids in fundamental sperm function, and they provide evidence for the necessity of basic research when developing assisted reproduction in little-studied nondomestic species.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 897			Serial	831
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	Author	Wikramanayake, E.; Moktan, V.; Aziz, T.; Khaling, S.; Khan, A.; Tshering, D.
	Title	The WWF Snow Leopard Action Strategy for the Himalayan Region			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2006	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-21
	Keywords	behaviour; biodiversity; conservation; ecology; Himalayan; protected area; snow leopard; strategy; Wwf
	Abstract	As a 'flagship' and 'umbrella' species the snow leopard can be a unifying biological feature to raise awareness of its plight and the need for conservation, which will benefit other facets of Himalayan biodiversity as well. Some studies of snow leopards have been conducted in the Himalayan region. But, because of its elusive nature and preference for remote and inaccessible habitat, knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of this mystical montane predator is scant. The available information, however, suggests that snow leopards occur at low densities and large areas of habitat are required to conserve a viable population. Thus, many researchers and conservationists have advocated landscape-scale approaches to conservation within a regional context, rather than focusing on individual protected areas. While the issues are regional, the WWF's in the region have developed 5-year strategic actions and activities, using the regional strategies as a touchstone, which will be implemented at national levels. The WWF's will develop proposals based on these strategic actions, with estimated budgets, for use by the network for funding and fund-raising. WWF also recognizes the need to collaborate and coordinate within the network and with other organizations in the region to achieve conservation goals in an efficient manner, and will form a working group to coordinate activities and monitor progress.
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	Notes	Report 1-23.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 921			Serial	1022
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	Author	Baral N.; Stern, M.; Heinen, J.T.
	Title	Integrated conservation and development project life cycles in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal: Is development overpowering conservation?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Biodiversity Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	16	Issue	10	Pages	2903-2917
	Keywords	annapurna; Biodiversity conservation; community-based; conservation; Gender; management; Nepal; protected area; development; project; annapurna conservation area; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; area
	Abstract	The merits of integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs), which aim to provide development incentives to citizens in return for conservation behaviors, have long been debated in the literature. Some of the most common critiques suggest that conservation activities tend to be strongly overpowered by development activities. We studied this assertion through participant observation and archival analysis of five Conservation Area Management Committees (CAMCs) in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA), Nepal. Committee activities were categorized as conservation activities (policy development and conservation implementation), development activities (infrastructure, health care, education, economic development, and sanitation), or activities related to institutional strengthening (administrative development and capacity building activities). Greater longevity of each ICDP was associated with greater conservation activity in relation to development activities. Project life cycles progressed from a focus on development activities in their early stages, through a transitional period of institutional strengthening, and toward a longer-term focus that roughly balanced conservation and development activities. Results suggest that the ICDP concept, as practiced in ACA, has been successful at building capacity for and interest in conservation amongst local communities. However, success has come over a period of nearly a decade, suggesting that prior conclusions about ICDP failures may have been based on unrealistic expectations of the time needed to influence behavioral changes in target populations.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 938			Serial	117
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	Author	Kreuzberg-Mukhina, E.; Esipov A.V.; Bykova, E.A.; Vashetko, E.V.; Aromov, B.
	Title	Development of the national Action Plan for the conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan. Report: 1-51			Type	Report
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1-51	Issue		Pages	1-52
	Keywords	development; national; action; plan; conservation; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Uzbekistan; Report; Chatkal nature reserve; nature; reserve; Hissar nature reserve; Islt; project; strategy; biology; status; factor; conservation measures; conservation measure
	Abstract	This document is the final report on the ISLT Project “Development of national Action plan for the conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan” and a Conservation Strategy for the Snow leopard in Uzbekistan. It includes biology and current status, limiting factors, existing and necessary conservation measures.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Uzbekistan	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Institute of Zoology, Chatkal nature reserve, Hissar nature reserve. Final Report on the ISLT project.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 969			Serial	594
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	Author	Anonymous
	Title	A snow leopard conservation plan for Mongolia			Type	Report
	Year	2000	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	awareness; behaviour; biodiversity; conservation plan; decline; density; ecology; fund-raising; funding; habitat degradation; Himalayan; management; Mongolia; montane; pastoralists; pelt; predator; snow-leopard-conservation-plan; snow leopard; trade; Wwf
	Abstract	The snow leopard faces multiple threats in the Himalayan region, from habitat degradation, loss of prey, the trade in pelts, parts and live animals, and conflict with humans, primarily pastoralists. Consequently, the populations are considered to be in decline and the species is listed as Endangered in the IUCN's Red List. As a 'flagship' and 'umbrella' species the snow leopard can be a unifying biological feature to raise awareness of its plight and the need for conservation, which will benefit other facets of Himalayan biodiversity as well. Some studies of snow leopards have been conducted in the Himalayan region. But, because of its elusive nature and preference for remote and inaccessible habitat, knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of this mystical montane predator is scant. The available information, however, suggests that snow leopards occur at low densities and large areas of habitat are required to conserve a viable population. Thus, many researchers and conservationists have advocated landscape-scale approaches to conservation within a regional context, rather than focusing on individual protected areas.This regional strategy for WWF's snow leopard conservation program is built on such an approach. The following were identified as important regional issues: 1) international trade in snow leopards and parts; 2) the human-snow leopard conflict; 3) the need for a landscape approach to conservation to provide large spatial areas that can support demographically and ecologically viable snow leopard metapopulations; 4) research on snow leopard ecology to develop long-term, science-based conservation management plans; and 5) regional coordination and dialog. While the issues are regional, the WWF's in the region have developed 5-year strategic actions and activities, using the regional strategies as a touchstone, which will be implemented at national levels. The WWF's will develop proposals based on these strategic actions, with estimated budgets, for use by the network for funding and fund-raising. WWF also recognizes the need to collaborate and coordinate within the network and with other organizations in the region to achieve conservation goals in an efficient manner, and will form a working group to coordinate activities and monitor progress.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Publication date unknown but must be at least from 2000.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 995			Serial	92
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