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Author Suryawanshi, K.R.
Title Towards snow leopard prey recovery: understanding the resource use strategies and demographic responses of bharal Pseudois nayaur to livestock grazing and removal; Final project report Type Report
Year 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-43
Keywords project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; recovery; resource; use; strategy; demographic; Response; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; livestock; grazing; Report; decline; wild; populations; population; Himalayan; region; Competition; threats; threat; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; study; diet; winter; Test; browse; nutrition; areas; area; young; Female; times; High; Adult; mortality; species; predators; predator; endangered; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya
Abstract Decline of wild prey populations in the Himalayan region, largely due to competition with livestock, has been identified as one of the main threats to the snow leopard Uncia uncia. Studies show that bharal Pseudois nayaur diet is dominated by graminoids during summer, but the proportion of graminoids declines in winter. We explore the causes for the decline of graminoids from bharal winter diet and resulting implications for bharal conservation. We test the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses, (H1) low graminoid availability caused by livestock grazing during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet, and, (H2) bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutrition, to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. Graminoid quality in winter was relatively lower than that of browse, but the difference was not statistically significant. Bharal diet was dominated by graminoids in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to bharal diet declined monotonically with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was three times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. No starvation-related adult mortalities were observed in any of the areas. Composition of bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock free areas is necessary for conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators such as the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya.
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Notes Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program, 2008. Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore. Post-graduate Program in Wildlife Biology and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Wildlife Conservation Society -India program, Bangalore, India. Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1077 Serial 952
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Author Thapa, K.
Title Is their any correlation between abundance of blue sheep population and livestock depredation by snow leopards in the Phu Valley, Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area? Final report Type Report
Year 2005 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-19
Keywords abundance; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; population; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; valley; Manang; annapurna; annapurna conservation area; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; conservation; area; Report; project; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; Nepal
Abstract This study was undertaken in the Phu valley of Manang district in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal,

Spring, 2004 and 2005. I used the Snow Leopard Management Information System (“second order” survey technique), to determine

the relative abundance of snow leopards in delineated areas in Phu valley. Transects routes were plotted by

randomly selected feasible landforms such as along ridgelines, cliff bases and river bluffs where snow

leopards sign is likely to be found. Altogether, 16 transects (total length of 7.912 km) were laid down (mean

transect length=0.495 km). They revealed, 54 sign sites (both relic and non-relic) and altogether 88 signs (72

scrapes, 11 feces, 3 scent mark, 2 pugmarks and 1 hair) were recorded (6.8 site/km and 11.1 signs/km). There

were 61.1% non-relic and 38.9% relic sites. The density of snow leopards in Phu Valley may be 4-5 snow

leopards/100 kmý.It was found that the Ghyo block had the highest sign density (13.6 mean sign item/km)

and Phu block (9.8 mean sign item/km) and the lowest in Ngoru block (3.9 mean sign item/km.). For blue sheep, direct count method was applied from different appropriate vantage points (fixed-point

count). I counted total individuals in each herd and classified all individuals whenever possible, using 8 X24

binocular and 15-60x spotting scope. A total 37 blue sheep herds and 1209 individuals were observed in

192.25 kmý of the study area (blue sheep density, 6.3 kmý). Average herd size was 32.68. Herd size varied

from 1 to 103 animals (the largest so far recorded). The average sex ratio male to female for the entire survey

area was 0.67. Recruitment rate was 47.13. The ratio of yearlings to adult female was 0.45. In Ghyo block

had total 168 blue sheep (area, 44.08 km2 or 3.8/ km2 i.e. 137.2 kg/ kmý). Blue sheep density in Ngoru block

showed 4.7/km2 (area, 65.47 km2). Highest density of blue sheep among three blocks was recorded in Phu

block, 8.9/km2 (or 320 kg/km2) in its 82.70 km2 area. A standard questionnaire was designed, and interviews conducted for relevant information was collected on

livestock depredation patterns (total household survey). Out of 33 households surveyed, 30 reported that they

had livestock depredation by the snow leopard in 2004. Altogether 58 animals were reportedly lost to snow

leopards (3.1% of the total mortality). Out of the estimated standing available biomass (1, 83,483kg) in the

Phu valley at least 2220 kg or 1.3% of the total livestock biomass was consumed by snow leopards in the

year of our study (2004). It was estimated that in the Phu valley annually 1.8 animals were lost per household

to snow leopards. This means approx. Rs.413560 (US$ 5,908) is lost annually in the valley (US$

179/household/annum). Ghyo block, had the highest animals loss (53.4%), followed by Phu block (36.2%)

and Ngoru block (10.3%) to snow leopards. There is positive correlation among the densities of blue sheep, relative abundance of the snow leopard and

livestock depredation. Blue sheep is the main prey species of the snow leopard in Phu valley and its

conservation therefore matters to reduce livestock depredation. A general patterns appears here that shows

that blue sheep (prey) abundance determine snow leopard (predator) abundance and that livestock

depredation by snow leopards may be minimal where there is good population of blue sheep, and vice versa.
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Notes Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program, 2005. Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Pokhara, Nepal. Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1078 Serial 959
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Author
Title Snow Leopard Survival Summit Group Photograph Type Unsupported: Slide
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; Snow-Leopard-Survival-Summit; leopard; survival; seattle
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Notes Photograph of participants in 21-25 May 2002 Snow Leopard Survival Summit, Seattle, Washington, USA. Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1080 Serial 20
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Author Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A.
Title Snow leopards, livestock management Type Unsupported: Pamphlet
Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; livestock; management; Chinese; global
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Publisher Xinjiang Conservation Fund & International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication China Editor
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Notes In Chinese. Supported by the Global Greengrant Fund, www.greengrants.org. Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1082 Serial 1015
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Author Blomqvist, L.
Title The snow leopard EEP in 1996 Type Book Chapter
Year 1998 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue Pages 26-29
Keywords snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; International; pedigree; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1083 Serial 168
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Author Blomqvist, L.
Title The snow leopard register Type Book Chapter
Year 1980 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue Pages 218-238
Keywords snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; register; International; pedigree; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1084 Serial 151
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Author Blomqvist, L.; Rieger, I.
Title Snow leopard references Type Book Chapter
Year 1980 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue Pages 258-262
Keywords snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; references; International; pedigree; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
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Notes Continued from the International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards I, 1978 Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1085 Serial 152
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Author Freeman, H.
Title Snow leopard: a cooperative study between zoos Type Book Chapter
Year 1980 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue Pages 127-136
Keywords snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; study; zoos; zoo; International; pedigree; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1086 Serial 317
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Author Myroniuk, P.
Title Snow leopards down under Type Book Chapter
Year 1998 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue Pages 25-25
Keywords snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; International; pedigree
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1088 Serial 709
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Author Nishine, Y.
Title The captive snow leopard programme (SSCJ) in Japan Type Book Chapter
Year 1998 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue Pages 21-25
Keywords captive; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Japan; International; pedigree; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) SLN @ rana @ 1089 Serial 721
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