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Author |
Miller, D.J.; Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Livestock and Snow Leopards:making room for competing users on the Tibetian Plateau |
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Conference Article |
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1994 |
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315-328 |
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livestock; Tibet; herder; herders; predator; prey; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; Tibetian-Plateau; ungulates; wild-yak; blue-sheep; pika; marmots; gazelle; antelope; Qomolangma; Namcha-Barwa; Chang-Tang; habitat; grazing; wolves; pens; enclosures; bounties; bounty; pelts; skins; coats; furs; poisoning; medicine; bones; land-use; conservation; ecology; blue; sheep; browse; tibetian; plateau; wild; yak; namcha; barwa; change; tang; land use; land; 2800 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 244 |
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676 |
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Author |
Poyarkov, A.D.; Samoylova, G.S.; Subbotin, A.E. |
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Title |
Evaluation of Potential Habitats of Snow Leopard (Uncia Uncia, Schreb.) In Altay-Khangay-Sayan Region and in Territory of Russian Federation: GIS Approach |
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Conference Article |
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2002 |
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snow; leopard; uncia; habitat; Forest; desert; tundra; territory; landscape; steppe; alpine; gorge; valley; land; use; region; potential; area; 5040 |
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Islt |
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Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle, WA |
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SLN @ rana @ 490 |
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788 |
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Author |
McCarthy, T. |
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Title |
Ecology and Conservation of Snow Leopards, Gobi Brown Bears, and Wild Bactrian Camels in Mongolia |
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Book Whole |
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2000 |
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snow leopard; Uncia uncia; Mongolia; radio-collar; habitat use; movements; ecology; wild camel; brown bear; 5340 |
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Snow leopard ecology, distribution and abundance in Mongolia were studied between 1993 and 1999. I placed VHF and satellite radio-collars on 4 snow leopards, 2 males and 2 females, to determine home ranges, habitat use, movements, and activity. Home ranges of snow leopards in Mongolia were substantially larger than reported elsewhere. Males ranged over 61 – 142 km2 and female 58 to 1,590 km2. Cats had crepuscular activity patterns with daily movements averaging 5.1 km. Intraspecific distances averaged 1.3 km for males to 7.8 km for males. Leopards selected moderately to very-broken habitat with slopes > 20o, in areas containing ibex. Leopard distribution and abundance was determined using sign surveys. Leopard range in Mongolia is approximately 103,000 km2 but cats are not uniformly distributed within that range. High-density areas include the eastern and central Transaltai Gobi and the northern Altai ranges. Relative leopard densities compared well with relative ibex densities on a regional basis. A snow leopard conservation plan was drafted for Mongolia that identifies problems and threats, and provides an action plan. Wild Bactrian camels occur in the Great Gobi National Park (GGNP) and are thought to be declining due to low recruitment. I surveyed camels by jeep and at oases, observing 142 (4.2% young) and 183 (5.3% young) in 1997 and 1998. Current range was estimated at 33,300 km2. Some winter and calving ranges were recently abandoned. Track sizes and tooth ages from skulls were used to assess demographics. A deterministic model was produced that predicts camel extinction within 25 to 50 years under current recruitment rates and population estimates. Gobi brown bears are endemic to Mongolia and may number less than 35. Three population isolates may occur. I collected genetic material from bears at oases using hair traps. Microsatellite analyses of nuclear DNA determined sixteen unique genotypes, only two of which occurred at more than one oases. Genetic diversity was very low with expected heterozygosity = 0.32, and alleles per locus = 2.3. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were compared to other clades of brown bear and found to fall outside of all known lineages. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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University of Massachusetts, Amherst |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 519 |
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663 |
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Author |
White, S.D.; Stannard, A.A.; Ihrke, P.J.; Rosser, E.J. |
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Title |
Therapy of demodicosis in snow leopard challenged |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
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J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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178 |
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9 |
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877-878 |
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Amoxicillin: therapeutic use; Animal; Animals; zoo; Calcium: therapeutic use; Carnivora; Mite Infestations: drug therapy; veterinary; Sulfides: therapeutic use; Thiosulfates: therapeutic use; amoxicillin; therapeutic; calcium; mite; infestations; drug; therapy; drug therapy; sulfides; thiosulfates; browse; use; 360 |
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0003-1488 |
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Document Type: eng |
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SLN @ rana @ 57 |
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1020 |
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Author |
Bogdanov O.P. |
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Title |
Snow leopard (Felis uncia) |
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Miscellaneous |
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1961 |
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246-247 |
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Uzbekistan; snow leopard; distriburion; life history; diet; use.; 6360; Russian |
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In Uzbekistan, this species is distributed in spurs of Tien Shan and Gissar. It preys on ibex, rarer on argalis, roe-deers, young wild boars. In winter, it attacks livestock and sometimes feeds upon marmots and smaller rodents. Snow leopard attacks man very rarely, only when wounded. The economic significance of this species is low, since only few skins are traded. Its dressed skins are used as rugs. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Uzbekistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 614 |
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183 |
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Author |
Geptner V.G. |
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Title |
Genus snow leopard or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1972 |
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Vol. 2, Part 2. |
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Ussr; snow leopard; identification; phylogeny; distribution; number; life history; use.; 6760; Russian |
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It describes genus and species features of snow leopard such as appearance, skull, sizes, phylogenetic links, distribution, geographic variability, biology including number, habitat, refuges, activity in daylight and night, behavioral patterns, reproduction, enemies and rivals, and practical use of the species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of the Soviet Union. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 654 |
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336 |
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Author |
Ishunin G.I. |
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Title |
Irbis, or snow leopard Felis (Uncia) uncia S¤hr†b†a 1778 |
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Miscellaneous |
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1961 |
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Vol. 3. |
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127-131 |
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Uzbekistan; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior; practical use.; 6880; Russian |
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It describes diagnostic signs and taxonomy of snow leopard as well as its distribution, behavioral patterns and use in Uzbekistan. This predator inhabits the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkistan, and Gissar ridges. It mainly preys on ibex, and marmots, vole-mouse, and snow-cocks. Sometimes it attacks domestic sheep. Snow leopard is of low commercial value. The cost of skin is 4 roubles 70 kopecks. Only a few skins are purchased. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of the Uzbek SSR. Mammals (predators and ungulates). |
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SLN @ rana @ 666 |
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412 |
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Author |
Ishunin G.I. |
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Title |
Snow leopard |
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Miscellaneous |
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1980 |
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26-27 |
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Uzbekistan; Red Data book; snow leopard; distribution; preys; biology; use.; 6920; Russian |
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In Uzbekistan, snow leopard is preserved along the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Tirkestan, and Hissar ridges. Ibex is a main prey of the predator. It also preys on argali, wild boar, hares, roe-deers, rodents, kekliks (partridge), and rarely livestock. Catching the animals in the country is limited and exercised under special permissions. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Wild animals of Uzbekistan included in the Red Data Book of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 670 |
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416 |
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Ishunin G.I. |
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Genus Snow leopard Uncia gray, 1854 |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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94-97 |
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Uzbekistan; mammals; game species; biology; distribution; practical use; conservation measures.; 6940; Russian |
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It provides data concerning biology, distribution and use game and commercial mammal species in Uzbekistan, and recommends on ways of hunting and initial fur-skin processing. It also describes the matter of conservation and rehabilitation of rare species' populations. From 1930-s to 1960-s over 20 snow leopard skins were reported to be traded officially. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Game animals of Uzbekistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 672 |
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418 |
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Author |
Joost van der Ven |
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Title |
Western Tien Shan: nature as it is |
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Miscellaneous |
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2002 |
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51-67 |
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Western Tien Shan; biodiversiry; sustainable use; trophy hunt; endangered species; snow leopard.; 7010; Russian |
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Some ideas of biodiversity conservation in the West Tien Shan (first of all large mammals such as ibex, moral, brown bear, and snow leopard) including an idea of limited trophy hunt are discussed. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity of the West Tien Shan. Status and perspectives. |
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SLN @ rana @ 679 |
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505 |
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Author |
Kaletskiy A.A. |
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May-“traven” |
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Miscellaneous |
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1974 |
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60-75 |
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Ussr; flora; fauna; snow leopard; use.; 7040; Russian |
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Diverse flora and fauna and seasonal phenomena in nature are stated in a popular form. Snow leopard is noticed to be a rare species, its population being significantly influenced by catching for zoos: over 400 snow leopards have been caught for this purpose over the last 35 years. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Kaleidoscope of naturalist. |
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SLN @ rana @ 682 |
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511 |
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Author |
Kolosov A.M. |
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Title |
Genus Snow leopards Uncia |
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Miscellaneous |
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1979 |
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150-151 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; systematic position; life-history; distribution; number; preys; practical use.; 7220; Russian |
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It provides description of appearance, distribution, behavioral patterns, and use of snow leopard in the USSR. The predator inhabits the mountains of Central Asia, east of the Amudarya river, along the ridges of Djungar Ala-Tau and Tarbagatai, South Altai, West and East Sayans. Its main food is ungulates, though it also preys on snow-cocks, marmots, small birds, and rodents. Sometimes attacks sheep. It has no enemy other than wolf; its diseases are not studied. Snow leopard is not dangerous for man. The fur-skin is used for making rugs and fur. Less than 1,000 animals are hunted globally. Before 1960, in the USSR less than 120 skins were annually purchased. Its total population is several thousand animals. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biology of game animals in the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 700 |
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549 |
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Author |
Meklenburtsev R.N. |
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Title |
About ecology of ibex in Pamir |
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Miscellaneous |
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1949 |
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Vol. 28, edition 5. |
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482-483 |
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Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian |
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Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal. |
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SLN @ rana @ 742 |
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674 |
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Author |
Novikov G.A. |
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Sub-genus UNCIA Gray |
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Miscellaneous |
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1956 |
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274-277 |
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Ussr; Central Asia; uncia; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; highly mountain; reproduction; Migration; use.; 7760; Russian |
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Identification features of the sub-genus Uncia (colour; length of body and tail; shoulder height, and skull measurements) are given. Distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, commercial value of snow leopard in the USSR is described. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Predatory mammals of the USSR fauna. |
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SLN @ rana @ 754 |
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726 |
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Pokrovskiy V.S. |
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Mammals |
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Miscellaneous |
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1969 |
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19-28 |
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Ussr; endangered species; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7930; Russian |
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The work presents a preliminary list of rare and endangered predatory and ungulate species. Snow leopard inhabits the mountain ridges of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and sometimes is met in the Altai and Tuva. Despite its habitat has not changed since recently, number of snow leopard is decreasing. Snow leopard population is reducing because this species is believed to be dangerous, as its skin is of high and sustainable demand, and because of high prices zoos will readily pay to buy snow leopards. Shepherds, local hunters and geologists hunt snow leopard. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered mammal and bird species in the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 771 |
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779 |
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Author |
Pokrovskiy V.S. |
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Title |
Snow leopard, or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1976 |
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82-98 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7940; Russian |
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It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Large mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 772 |
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780 |
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Author |
Sapojnikov G.N. |
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Distribution and number of several endangered mammals and birds of Tajikistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1984 |
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129-143 |
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Tajikistan; endangered species; snow leopard; number; use.; 8070; Russian |
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Many years' data connected with the distribution and number of endangered species of animals as dhole (Cuon alpinus Pall), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena L.), snow leopard (Uncia uncia Shreb.) and birds of Tajikistan are given. Area of snow leopard includes the most of mountain ridges in this country. The total number is evaluated about 160-200 individuals. The record quantity of legal harvested skins of snow leopard is 64 in 1946. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Natural resources and nature reserves of Tajikistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 785 |
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844 |
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Author |
Sludsky A.A. |
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Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 |
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1982 |
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Vol. III, Part 2. |
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222-240 |
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Kazakhstan; taxonomy; distribution; number; biology; use; snow leopard.; 8190; Russian |
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Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. Carnivora (Mustelidae, Felidae). |
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SLN @ rana @ 797 |
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900 |
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Author |
Sokov A.I. |
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Title |
Environmental prerequisites for protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals in Tajikistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1986 |
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Vol. 3. |
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27-29 |
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Tajikistan; Red Data book; rare species; carnivores; large predators; brown bear; hyena; tiger; leopard; Lynx; snow leopard; decline; protection; sustainable use.; 8220; Russian |
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In Tajikistan it is necessary to preserve big predators listed in the Red Book, such as Uncia uncia, Ursus arctos isabellinus, Hyaena hyaena, Felis lynx isabellina, Panthera pardus ciscaucasica. An anthropogenic influence has resulted in the species' habitat shrinkage, deficit of food, disturbance of trophic interactions. It is necessary to restore a tiger population in the Tigrovaya Balka nature reserve, and resolve the issue of protection and sustainable use of commercial predatory species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of IV Congress of all-Union mammalists' society. |
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SLN @ rana @ 800 |
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913 |
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Author |
Sokolov V.E. |
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Title |
Snow leopard |
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Miscellaneous |
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1986 |
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349-350 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 8250; Russian |
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Snow leopard is an endangered species. Its number is steadily decreasing. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia: Pamir, Tien Shan, Djungar Ala-Tau, Tarbagatai, Saur. It is also met at altitudes ranging from 1,800 3,500 m above sea level. A total number of snow leopard in the USSR does not exceed 1,000 animals; according to other data 2,000 animals. A decreasing number of snow leopard and its habitat shrinkage is directly related to human's pursuing snow leopards (in the USSR snow leopard was for a long time being considered as a species causing damage to livestock so authorities gave premiums for catching/shooting snow leopards) and reduction of ungulate population. Snow leopards are now protected in mountain nature reserves of the USSR: Chatkal, Aksu-Djabagly, Ramit, Besh-Aral, Sary-Chelek, and Alma-Ata. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals. Mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 803 |
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908 |
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Author |
Yanushevich A.I. |
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Title |
Mammals of Kyrgyzstan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1972 |
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377-380 |
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Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; number; life history characteristics; practical use.; 8640; Russian |
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A description of snow leopard, its taxonomy, distribution, habitat, number, behavior, food, reproduction, parasites, infections, and practical importance is given. In Kyrgyzstan, irbis was found in the Chatkal, Kyrgyz, Talas ridges, and Terskei Alatoo. An official annual snow leopard hunting rate ranged from 10 (1955) to 54 skins (in 1936) in 1930-s through 1950-s. 17 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export only in 1965-1966. Its skin has no special value and is used by local people for decoration of dwellings and making collars. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 841 |
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1055 |
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Author |
Zhirnov L.V. |
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Rare and endangered species of the USSR |
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Miscellaneous |
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1978 |
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91-94 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; practical use.; 8740; Russian |
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A description of snow leopard number, distribution, reproductive biology, death reasons, and conservation measures in the USSR, where northern and north-western border of its habitat runs, is given. The population of snow leopard in the USSR is 500 1,000 animals. In the Inner Tien Shan, 400 snow leopards were caught 1936 through 1970. The maximum of 120 skins was purchased in Pamir in 1956 1958. Population of snow leopard directly correlates with population of ibex, a fact being verified by data collected on a long-term basis. Moreover, snow leopard was for a long time considered as a harmful animal, shooting of which was encouraged by premiums and resulted in reduction of snow leopard population. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals and birds. |
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SLN @ rana @ 851 |
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1080 |
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Ale, S.B.; Yonzon, P.; Thapa, K. |
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Recovery of snow leopard Uncia uncia in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal |
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2007 |
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Oryx |
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41 |
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89-92 |
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Nepal; recovery; Sagarmatha Mount Everest National Park; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; surveys; survey; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; valley; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; using; information; management; system; research; transects; transect; sign; areas; area; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; 40; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; location; recent; species; grazing; land; Forest; habitat; domestic; wild; ungulates; ungulate; livestock; tourism; development; traditional; land use; land-use; use; wildlife |
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From September to November 2004 we conducted surveys of snow leopard Uncia uncia signs in three major valleys in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park in Nepal using the Snow Leopard Information Management System, a standardized survey technique for snow leopard research. We walked 24 transects covering c. 14 km and located 33 sites with 56 snow leopard signs, and 17 signs incidentally in other areas. Snow leopards appear to have re-inhabited the Park, following their disappearance c. 40 years ago, apparently following the recovery of Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus and musk deer Moschus chrysogaster populations. Taken together the locations of all 73 recent snow leopard signs indicate that the species is using predominantly grazing land and shrubland/ open forest at elevations of 3,000-5,000 m, habitat types that are also used by domestic and wild ungulates. Sagarmatha is the homeland of c. 3,500 Buddhist Sherpas with .3,000 livestock. Along with tourism and associated developments in Sagarmatha, traditional land use practices could be used to ensure coexistence of livestock and wildlife, including the recovering snow leopards, and ensure the wellbeing of the Sherpas. |
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http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Ale_2007.pdf |
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SLN @ rana @ 884 |
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58 |
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Ale, S.; Brown, J. |
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Title |
The contingencies of group size and vigilance |
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2007 |
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Evolutionary Ecology Research, |
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9 |
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1263-1276 |
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attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy |
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Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.
Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.
Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?
Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.
Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size. |
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SLN @ rana @ 886 |
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53 |
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Sulser, C.E.; Steck, B.L.; Baur, B. |
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Title |
Effects of construction noise on behaviour of and exhibit use by Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo |
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Miscellaneous |
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2008 |
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International Zoo Yearbook |
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42 |
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199-205 |
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behaviour; captive; construction noise; exhibit use; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Noise caused by human activities can cause stress in animals. We examined whether noise from construction sites affects the behaviour of and exhibit use by three Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo. The behaviour and location of the animals were recorded at 1 minute intervals, using the instantaneous scan sampling method over a period of 216 hours (104 hours on noisy days and 112 hours on quiet days). The animals differed individually in their responses to the construction noise. On noisy days, the Snow leopards generally spent less time in locomotion and more time resting, but even on quiet days, resting was the predominant behaviour performed. Under noisy conditions, they increased social resting and decreased resting alone. Walking and social walking were also reduced on noisy days. Furthermore, the Snow leopards spent considerably more time in the remote offexhibit enclosure under noisy conditions. Independent of background noise, they stayed more than half of the time in the caves and the forecourts of the outdoor enclosure. On quiet days, the Snow leopards used more sectors of their exhibit than on noisy days. The results indicate that the Snow leopards responded to construction noise by increasing the amount of time spent resting and by withdrawing to the remote parts of their exhibit. |
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SLN @ rana @ 910 |
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943 |
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