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Author Sulser, C.E.; Steck, B.L.; Baur, B.
Title Effects of construction noise on behaviour of and exhibit use by Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal
Volume 42 Issue Pages 199-205
Keywords behaviour; captive; construction noise; exhibit use; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo
Abstract Noise caused by human activities can cause stress in animals. We examined whether noise from construction sites affects the behaviour of and exhibit use by three Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo. The behaviour and location of the animals were recorded at 1 minute intervals, using the instantaneous scan sampling method over a period of 216 hours (104 hours on noisy days and 112 hours on quiet days). The animals differed individually in their responses to the construction noise. On noisy days, the Snow leopards generally spent less time in locomotion and more time resting, but even on quiet days, resting was the predominant behaviour performed. Under noisy conditions, they increased social resting and decreased resting alone. Walking and social walking were also reduced on noisy days. Furthermore, the Snow leopards spent considerably more time in the remote offexhibit enclosure under noisy conditions. Independent of background noise, they stayed more than half of the time in the caves and the forecourts of the outdoor enclosure. On quiet days, the Snow leopards used more sectors of their exhibit than on noisy days. The results indicate that the Snow leopards responded to construction noise by increasing the amount of time spent resting and by withdrawing to the remote parts of their exhibit.
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Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 910 Serial 943
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Author Khan, J.
Title Markets for Snow Leopards: Enviropreneur Snapshots Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication PERC Reports Abbreviated Journal
Volume 26 Issue Pages 1-1
Keywords conservation; economic; incentives; income; protection; snow leopard; sustainable; wildlife
Abstract Over the years, many conservation actions and practices to protect the snow leopard have been tried and tested. Those that have been successful and sustainable are programs that link economics with conservation. Some of these practices may not be appreciated by traditional conservationists, but no one can refute the success of these actions. The saying, “when it pays, it stays,” rings true with snow leopard conservation. Locals have realized that their income and prosperity are linked with the protection of wildlife. For conservation efforts to be effective, it is crucial to involve people who share the snow leopard's mountain environment and provide them with economic incentives for

enhancing and protecting the habitat.
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Notes Online publication: http://www.perc.org/articles/article1104.php Approved no
Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 909 Serial 532
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Author Broder, J.; MacFadden, A.; Cosens, L.; Rosenstein, D.; Harrison, T.
Title Use of Positive Reinforcement Conditioning to Monitor Pregnancy in an Unanesthetized Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) via Transabdominal Ultrasound Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 27 Issue Pages 78-85
Keywords desensitization; fetal development; operant conditioning; pregnancy detection; primiparous; snow leopard; zoo
Abstract Closely monitoring snow leopard (Uncia uncia) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. The staff at Potter Park Zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard (U. uncia). Ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. The animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. Fetuses were observed and measured on both occasions. The absence of anesthesia eliminated components of psychologic and physiologic stress associated with sedation. This was the first recorded instance of transabdominal ultrasound being carried out on an unanesthetized snow leopard. It documents the feasibility of detecting pregnancy and monitoring fetal development via ultrasound.
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Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 905 Serial 196
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Author Volozheninov, N.N.
Title Rare and vanishing mammals and birds in S Uzbekistan. Ecology and protection of the rare and vanishing vertebrates in Uzbekistan, Tashkent Type Book Whole
Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Uzbekistan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2610; Russian
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Notes In Russian Approved no
Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 90 Serial 991
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Author Peden, W.M.; Richard, J.L.; Trampel, D.W.; Brannian, R.E.
Title Mycotic pneumonia and meningoencephalitis due to Aspergillus terreus in a neonatal snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Type Miscellaneous
Year 1985 Publication Journal of Wildlife Diseases Abbreviated Journal
Volume 21 Issue Pages 301-305
Keywords Aspergillus; hand rearing; Meningoencephalitis; panthera uncia; Pneumonia; snow leopard; zoological
Abstract On 14 May 1983, two female snow leopard (Panthera uncia) cubs were born in the Kansas City Zoological Gardens to a primiparous female. The female showed little interest in the cubs, one of which had a body temperature of 30 C, so they were removed for hand-rearing. On 15 May, one cub was less active, and did not nurse as well as its littermate.
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Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 895 Serial 765
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Author Taryannikov, V.I.
Title Distribution, biology and current state of the number of the rare predatory mammals in W. Gissar. The Ecology, Protection, and Acclimatization of Vertebrates in Uzbekistan Type Book Whole
Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Uzbekistan; Gissar; distribution; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2600
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Publisher Place of Publication Tashkent Editor
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Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 89 Serial 958
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Author Ale, S.; Brown, J.
Title The contingencies of group size and vigilance Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Research, Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue Pages 1263-1276
Keywords attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy
Abstract Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.

Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.

Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?

Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.

Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
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Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 886 Serial 53
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Author Ale, S.B.; Yonzon, P.; Thapa, K.
Title Recovery of snow leopard Uncia uncia in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 41 Issue Pages 89-92
Keywords Nepal; recovery; Sagarmatha Mount Everest National Park; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; surveys; survey; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; valley; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; using; information; management; system; research; transects; transect; sign; areas; area; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; 40; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; location; recent; species; grazing; land; Forest; habitat; domestic; wild; ungulates; ungulate; livestock; tourism; development; traditional; land use; land-use; use; wildlife
Abstract From September to November 2004 we conducted surveys of snow leopard Uncia uncia signs in three major valleys in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park in Nepal using the Snow Leopard Information Management System, a standardized survey technique for snow leopard research. We walked 24 transects covering c. 14 km and located 33 sites with 56 snow leopard signs, and 17 signs incidentally in other areas. Snow leopards appear to have re-inhabited the Park, following their disappearance c. 40 years ago, apparently following the recovery of Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus and musk deer Moschus chrysogaster populations. Taken together the locations of all 73 recent snow leopard signs indicate that the species is using predominantly grazing land and shrubland/ open forest at elevations of 3,000-5,000 m, habitat types that are also used by domestic and wild ungulates. Sagarmatha is the homeland of c. 3,500 Buddhist Sherpas with .3,000 livestock. Along with tourism and associated developments in Sagarmatha, traditional land use practices could be used to ensure coexistence of livestock and wildlife, including the recovering snow leopards, and ensure the wellbeing of the Sherpas.
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Notes http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Ale_2007.pdf Approved no
Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 884 Serial 58
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Author Blower, J.H.
Title Nature Conservation in Bhutan: Project Findings and Recommendations Type Miscellaneous
Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Bhutan; habitat; status; distribution; browse; 2310
Abstract Snow leopard is relatively common, but there is some destruction of its habitat in Northern Bhutan
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Notes UNDP/FAO Project. BHU/83/002 Field Document. Approved no
Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 88 Serial 175
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Author Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Munkhtsog, B.
Title Autumn Habitat Selection by Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in Beita Mountain, Xinjiang, China Type Miscellaneous
Year 2006 Publication Zoological Research Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 221-224
Keywords habitat; Habitat selection; selection; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; mountain; Xinjiang; China; Chinese; Altay; mountain system; system; 30; transects; transect; surveys; survey; study; area; analysis; primary; factor; 200; 600; Base; valley; Forest; region; south; grazing; status; topography
Abstract Habitat selection of Snow Leopard ( Unica unica) in Beita Mountain of the Altay Mountain system in northeast Xinjiang was conducted from September to October 2004. Six habitat features of 59 sites used by Snow Leopard and 30 random plots were measured by locating 15 transects surveys in the study area . Vanderploge and Scaviaps selectivity index was used to assess Snow Leopardps selection for the different habitat parameters. Principal Component Analysis was used as the primary factor . The results indicated that Snow Leopard preferred the altitude between 2000 – 2 200 m and avoided 2 600 – 3 000 m ; selected cliff base , ridgeline and avoided hillside and valley bottom ; utilized the shrub and rejected the forest ; selected the nongrazing area and avoided the slightly broken region ; preferred north orientation and rejected the south orientation. The results show that grazing status , vegetation type , topography and the ruggedness are the primary factors for the habitat selection of Snow Leopard.
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Notes Full text available in Chinese Approved no
Call Number (down) SLN @ rana @ 872 Serial 1039
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