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Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association |
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Title |
Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 |
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2010 |
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nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology |
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In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism,
zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as
reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial
operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd,
Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from
September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made
the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that
administrative units have been increased and territories of
administrative units have been diminished. There have been four
provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation
limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than
ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert.
Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of
species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in
banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum,
Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing
in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently
necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures
into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across
hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression.
Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national
cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of
cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of
Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify
popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of
agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central
Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December
16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of
1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 %
of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals
amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total
animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article
mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in
Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such
number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into
five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult
animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally
in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food
of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main
nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the
soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of
secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of
ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt
one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for
domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big
game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and
hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting.
Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give
prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly
it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15
USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially
picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow
leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack
domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of
ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting
wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't
consider it had been right since it was natural event. However
population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought
and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has
never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million
heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in
its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of
domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild
animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards
correctly with low costs. |
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Call Number  |
SLN @ rana @ 1100 |
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705 |
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Author |
Isenbugel, E.; Weilemann P. |
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Title |
Treatment of Bladder Diverticulum and Ascites in a Female Snow Leopard |
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Conference Article |
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1988 |
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171-172 |
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Bladder; diverticulum; ascites; zoo; veterinary; medicine; surgery; medical; browse; 1740 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India |
Place of Publication |
India |
Editor |
H.Freeman |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 121 |
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410 |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. |
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Title |
Snow leopards (Panthera- uncia) in Nepal – home range and movements |
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1989 |
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National Geographic Research |
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5 |
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2 |
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161-175 |
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Keywords |
Nepal; asia; home-range; movements; Panthera-uncia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; home; range; home range; panthera; panthera uncia; uncia; 840 |
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Addresses:JACKSON R, CALIF INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,SNOW LEOPARD PROJECT,910 K ST,DAVIS,CA 95616 Publisher:NATL GEOGRAPHIC SOC, WASHINGTON Document Type: English |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 128 |
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441 |
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Author |
Karesh, W.B.; Asterino, R. |
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Title |
Mandibular osteomyelitis in a snow leopard (Panthera-uncia) with a review of osteomyelitis in other species and man |
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Journal Article |
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1988 |
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Journal Of Zoo Animal Medicine |
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19 |
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3 |
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137-142 |
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osteomyelitis; veterinary; medical; medicine; zoo; zoos; browse; 1540 |
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Addresses:KARESH WB, WOODLAND PK ZOOL GARDENS,5500 PHINNEY AVE N,SEATTLE,WA 98103AVIAN & EXOT ANIM HOSP,HAWTHORNE,CA Publisher:AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS, MEDIA Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 132 |
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516 |
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Cai, G.; Liu, Y.; O'Gara, B.W. |
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Observations of large mammals in the Qaidam Basin and its peripheral mountainous area in the Peoples Republic of China |
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1990 |
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Canadadian J.Zool. |
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68 |
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2021-2024 |
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China; Qaidam; browse; 3340 |
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SLN @ rana @ 156 |
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206 |
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De Groot, H.; Van Swieten, P.; Aalberse, R.C. |
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Evidence for a Fel d I-like molecule in the “big cats” (Felidae species) |
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1990 |
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J Allergy Clin Immunol |
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86 |
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1 |
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107-116 |
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Adolescence; Adult; Allergens; immunology; Animal; Antibodies; Monoclonal; diagnostic; use; Antibody; Specificity; Carnivora; Cats; Comparative; study; Cross; Reactions; Hair; Histamine; Release; Human; IgE; analysis; IgG; Middle; Age; Radioallergosorbent; Test; methods; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; browse; us; government; gov't; 240 |
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In this study, we investigated the cross-reactivity pattern of IgE and IgG4 antibodies to the major feline allergen, Fel d I. We studied the IgE and IgG4 response of 11 cat-allergic patients against Fel d I-like structures in eight members of the Felidae family: ocelot, puma, serval, siberian tiger, lion, jaguar, snow leopard, and caracal. Hair from these “big cats” was collected, extracted, and used in a RAST system and histamine-release test. By means of a RAST-inhibition assay with affinity-purified Fel d I from cat dander, it was established that, in the Felidae species, a Fel d I equivalent is present that reacts with IgE and IgG4 antibodies. We found that all patients had cross-reacting IgE antibodies to seven of the Felidae tested; no IgE antibodies reactive with the caracal were found. Eight of 10 patients with IgG4 antibodies directed to cat dander also had IgG4 antibodies directed to several Felidae species, including the caracal. However, the correlation between the IgE and the IgG4 antibody specificity was low, indicating that, in the case of Fel d I IgE and IgG4, antibodies do not necessarily have the same specificity. |
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0091-6749 |
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Document Type: eng |
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SLN @ rana @ 157 |
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233 |
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Author |
Novikov, G.A. |
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Title |
Carnivorous mammals of the fauna of the USSR |
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1962 |
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Ussr; Russia; ecology; distribution; skull-illustration; Soviet-Union; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; skull illustrations; skull; illustrations; 3140 |
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Brief review of physical characteristics, (skull illustration) ecology and distribution |
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Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. |
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Ussr |
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Translated 1962, Isreali Program for Scientific Translations, Washington D.C. |
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SLN @ rana @ 16 |
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728 |
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Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. |
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Title |
The role of protected areas in Nepal in maintaining viable populations of snow leopards |
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1990 |
Publication |
Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
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6 |
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51-69 |
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Nepal; conservation; management; parks; park; reserve; refuge; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; island-biology-theory; population-limits; habitat; suitability; 3040 |
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Full text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 165 |
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444 |
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Zhirjakov, V.A. |
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On the ecology of the snow leopard in the Zailisky-Alatau (Northern Tien Shan) |
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1990 |
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Int Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
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6 |
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25-30 |
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Tien-Shan; ecology; China; browse; Kazakhstan; Russia; Soviet-Union; distribution; population; prey; behavior; food-habits; scat-analysis; 3240 |
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Full text available at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 168 |
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1078 |
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Anonymous |
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Indian Wildlife Protection Act |
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Miscellaneous |
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conservation; protection; India; browse; 1840; indian; wildlife |
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Natraj Publishers, Dehradun, India
Date of Meeting: (1992)
Date of Copyright: 1992 |
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SLN @ rana @ 179 |
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76 |
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