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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	A problem of conservation of rare and endangered vertebrate animals in the mountains of southeast Kazakhstan		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1982	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	56-58
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Red Data book; protected areas; snow leopard.; 7390; Russian
	Abstract	Of 27 vertebrate animal species inhabiting the mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan and included in the Red Data Book of the USSR (1978) and Red Data Book of Kazakhstan (1978), 11 are mammals (free-toiled bat, Menzbier's marmot, dhole, Tien Shan brown bear, stone marten, otter, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, manul, and argali). Snow leopard is met in the nature reserves Aksu Jabagly and Almaty. In the Almaty nature reserve snow leopard migrates outside the protected area following the ungulates. The extension of the nature reserve would improve the protection.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of All-Union Symposium “Mountainous geosystems of intracontinental deserts and semi-deserts”.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 717		Serial	585
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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	The Aksu Jabagly nature reserve		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	80-102
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; location; climate; soils; flora; fauna; snow leopard; wild ibex.; 7420; Russian
	Abstract	It provides general information about the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve (Kazakhstan), its physico-geographical features, description of flora and fauna. The rarest predator of the nature reserve is snow leopard. Its population is about 10 pairs. Its distribution and behavioral patterns are correlated with its main prey ibex. In the past, snow leopard used to be a common species for the Talas Ala-Tau. Today its number has reduced.
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	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 720		Serial	586
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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	Mammal – Mammalia		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1987	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	154
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; mammals; snow leopard.; 7410; Russian
	Abstract	In Kazakhstan 160 species of mammal are inhabited. The snow leopard is rare and poor known inhabitant of highly mountain regions of republic.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Summary Language	Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Kazakhstan in photos.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 719		Serial	588
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	Author	Kovalev A.K.
	Title	Markhor in the Ramit nature reserve, Tajikistan		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.3.	Issue	Pages	247-248
	Keywords	Tajikistan; Khazratishok ridge; Darvaza ridge; markhor; number; nature conservation; zakaznik; Ramit nature reserve; captive breeding; prey species; snow leopard.; 7320; Russian
	Abstract	The marchor habitat in Tajikistan is fragmented. The animals are reproduced in enclosures of the Ramit nature reserve and released into wildlife in Khel canyon. Two females were killed by snow leopard.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR present and future.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 710		Serial	577
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	Author	Kotlyar V.V.
	Title	The Sary Chelek nature reserve		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1973	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	15
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; Sary Chelek nature reserve; plants; Animals; mammals; snow leopard.; 7310; Russian
	Abstract	The author describes flora and fauna of the Sary Chelek nature reserve. There are 40 mammal species in the nature reserve. Encounters with snow leopard are rather rare. Normally, it preys on ibex, mainly destroying weakened animals.
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 709		Serial	576
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	Author	Koshkarev E.P.
	Title	Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1989	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	100 p.
	Keywords	Kyzgyzstan; snow leopard; life-history; distribution; habitats; number; diet; behavior; conservation measures.; 7240; Russian
	Abstract	Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed.
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 702		Serial	558
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	Author	Koshkarev E.P.
	Title	Geographic prerequisites for snow leopard conservation in the USSR		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	153-154
	Keywords	Pamir; Pamir-Alai; tien shan; Jungar Alatau; Tarbagatai; Saur; Altai; Sayans; snow leopard.; 7250; Russian
	Abstract	Three key areas of the snow leopard habitat in the USSR are geographically segregated: Central Asia (Pamir, Tien Shan, Pamiro-Alai), East Kazakhstan (Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur), and South Siberia (Altai, the Sayans), which are separated from one another. The fate of snow leopard in East Kazakhstan and South Siberia causes the most anxiety.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of V Congress of all-Union mammalogy' society of the Academy of Science of the USSR.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 703		Serial	559
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	Author	Koshkarev E.P.
	Title	Key areas of snow leopard's habitat as main conservation objects		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Part. 1.	Issue	Pages	97-98
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Southern Siberia; Central Asia; Talass ridge; Chatkal ridge; Zeravshan ridge; Hissar ridge; species range; key sites; snow leopard; nature reserves.; 7260; Russian
	Abstract	The most vulnerable key areas within the snow leopard habitat are East Kazakhstan (an area of 48,000 square km) with no protected areas network established, and South Siberia (131,000 square km), where snow leopard is protected in three nature reserves. These areas are distant from main part of the habitat, isolated and have more extreme conditions. In Central Asia's key area (213,000 square km) linked to a main Chinese-Afghani part of the habitat, snow leopard was found in 11 nature reserves and two national parks. For reliable protection of this species it would be expedient to strengthen the role of the mountain nature reserves by means of extension and amalgamation of the areas, and other measures.
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian Journal Title: Environmental problems of wildlife protection.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 704		Serial	560
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	Author	Koshkarev E.
	Title	Critical Ranges as Centres of Biodiversity		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1998	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	N 14	Issue	Pages	37-38
	Keywords	Central Asia; biodiversity; rare species; species survival; snow leopard.; 7270; Russian
	Abstract	A high percentage of rare species in Central Asia experience limited conditions for distribution. Geographic centers with higher species diversity are generally constrained in terms of territory: they are formed when ranges overlap. But in Central Asia and along its borders with Russia, centers of biodiversity overlap at the very marginal edges of ranges. Central Asian species cross into Russian territory, where desert and steppe are replaced by thick forest. Here the northern borders of their ranges are sharply fragmented and isolated. Typical examples for Central Asia are the ranges of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), Asian leopard (Panthera pardus caucasica), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Bukhara deer (Census elaphus bactrianus), markhor (Capra falconeri), blue sheep (Pseudois nayauf) and argali (Ovis ammon). In Russia are the Altai subspecies of argali, the Siberian argali (O.a.ammon), the mountain goat (Capra sibirica), Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa), snow leopard (Uncia uncia), Pallas' cat (Felis manul), dhole (Cuon alpinus), grey marmot (Marmota baibacina), Mongolian marmot (M. sibirica) and tolai hare (Lepus tolai). Where the numbers o f individuals has fallen to extreme lows, the most effective mechanism for species survival may be supporting the integrity of ranges, in order to preserve population exchanges between neighboring groups. The geographic location of reserves and other protected territories is vitally important for the survival of Central Asian species, given the acute fragmentation of their ranges. These reserves should include significant, viable centers of population the key places. Wherever the creation of permanent protected territories is impossible, a new tactic must be found, such as introducing temporary limitations on the use of land for agriculture and hunting. But all protected territories, whether temporary or permanent, should be connected, forming a core and periphery. The marginal range areas must not be forgotten, if total protection of endangered populations is to be accomplished.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Russian Conservation News.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 705		Serial	555
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	Author	Koshkarev E.
	Title	What has happened to the snow leopard after the break-up of Soviet Union?		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4 (19)	Issue	Pages	72
	Keywords	Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7280; Russian
	Abstract	It describes status of snow leopard in republics of the former Soviet Union, main reasons for poaching and negative and positive experience on species conservation. The total number of snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the 1980's was at least 1200-1400. In Kazakhstan the snow leopard population totaled 180-200, in Uzbekistan around 100, and in Russia 150-200. The number and natural habitat of the species were in universal decline. Losses in Kyrgyzstan from poaching alone were no less than 30 animals per year in 1960-1980's. During this period the population in this area decreased by half, and the natural habitat by one third. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, poaching of the snow leopard and its pray grew by at least a factor of 3-4. It was estimated that 500-600 animals reduced the Kyrgyz snow leopard population in the 1990's. The population that remains today can barely be more than 150-200 individual snow leopards. The population has been physically decimated. Number of snow leopard in existence today in the former Soviet Union does not exceed 700-900 individual animals.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature conservation Journal.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 706		Serial	556
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