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Author (down) Filla, M., Lama, R. P., Ghale, T. R., Filla, T., Heurich, M., Waltert, M., Khorozyan, I. pdf 
  Title Blue sheep strongly affect snow leopard relative abundance but not livestock depredation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Global Ecology and Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 37 Issue e02153 Pages 1-15  
  Keywords Co-existence, Himalayan marmot, Human-wildlife conflict, Intervention strategy, Panthera uncia, Pseudois nayaur  
  Abstract Large carnivores play key roles in their ecosystems, but their protection is a major challenge in biodiversity conservation due to conflicts with human interests. The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is the top predator of Asian high-altitude landscapes and faces various threats including wild prey depletion and illegal killings as a consequence of livestock depredation. As the interactions between snow leopards, wild prey, and livestock are still insufficiently understood, we studied the effects of 1) wild prey (blue sheep Pseudois nayaur and Himalayan marmots Marmota himalayana) and domestic prey on snow leopard relative abundance, and of 2) these ecological parameters and intervention applications on livestock depredation by snow leopards. In the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, we monitored wildlife populations and livestock along transects (490.8 km) in 82 grid cells (4 ×4 km) in 2019 and 2021 and conducted questionnaire surveys to determine livestock depredation between 2018 and 2021 (n = 479 households). We applied generalized linear models (GLMs) and sample comparison testing to examine the effects of prey densities and other environmental and anthropogenic predictors on snow leopard relative abundance and livestock depredation. Blue sheep density strongly positively affected snow leopard relative abundance, which also increased with terrain ruggedness and decreased with increasing densities of livestock and the human population. The size of livestock holdings shaped depredation events of large livestock (yak, cattle and horse), whereas depredation events of sheep and goats, which accounted for most (68.6%) depredated animals, decreased with increasing human population density and marmot presence. The strong impact of blue sheep on snow leopard relative abundance supports demands for integrating this ungulate into conservation and management plans, including wild prey recovery and translocation. The rather weak evidence for effects of blue sheep on depredation events suggests that conflicts over livestock depredation by snow leopards would neither be inflicted nor solved by increasing wild prey abundance. This demonstrates the need to improve intervention strategies in the Annapurna region, such as predator-proofing corrals and optimizing daytime herding practices. We suggest further exploring the effects of marmots and other secondary prey on livestock depredation rates, and testing the suitability of additional interventions, e.g., dogs and deterrents, as conflict mitigation tools. Our results will support wildlife managers in setting conservation priorities to promote the long-term co-existence of local people and snow leopards.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1682  
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Author (down) Filla, M., Lama, R. P., Filla, T., Heurich, M., Balkenhol, N., Waltert, M., Khorozyan, I. url  doi
  Title Patterns of livestock depredation by snow leopards and effects of intervention strategies: lessons from the Nepalese Himalaya Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Wildlife Research Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Annapurna, co-existence, conservation biology, highland communities, human–wildlife conflict, large carnivore, livestock depredation, Panthera uncia, prey selection, snow leopard.  
  Abstract Context: Large carnivores are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities, and their protection is among the main goals of biodiversity conservation. The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits high-mountain landscapes where livestock depredation drives it into conflicts with local people and poses an obstacle for its conservation.

Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the livestock groups most vulnerable to depredation, target them in implementation of practical interventions, and assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies for conflict mitigation. We present a novel attempt to evaluate intervention strategies for particularly vulnerable species, age groups, time, and seasons.

Methods: In 2020, we conducted questionnaire surveys in two regions of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal (Manang, n = 146 respondents and Upper Mustang, n = 183). We applied sample comparison testing, Jacobs’ selectivity index, and generalised linear models (GLMs) to assess rates and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of depredation, reveal vulnerable livestock groups, analyse potential effects of applied intervention strategies, and identify husbandry factors relevant to depredation.

Key results: Snow leopard predation was a major cause of livestock mortality in both regions (25.4–39.8%), resulting in an estimated annual loss of 3.2–3.6% of all livestock. The main intervention strategies (e.g. corrals during night-time and herding during daytime) were applied inconsistently and not associated with decreases in reported livestock losses. In contrast, we found some evidence that dogs, deterrents (light, music playing, flapping tape, and dung burning), and the use of multiple interventions were associated with a reduction in reported night-time depredation of yaks.

Conclusions and implications: We suggest conducting controlled randomised experiments for quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of dogs, deterrents, and the use of multiple interventions, and widely applying the most effective ones in local communities. This would benefit the long-term co-existence of snow leopards and humans in the Annapurna region and beyond.
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1684  
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Author (down) Ferretti, F., Lovari, S., Minder, I., Pellizzi, B. url 
  Title Recovery of the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt.Everest) National Park: effects on main prey Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication European Journal of Wildlife Research Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue 60 Pages 559-562  
  Keywords Predator–prey relationships . Small populations . Snow leopard . Himalayan tahr  
  Abstract Consequences of predation may be particularly

heavy on small populations of herbivores, especially if they

are threatened with extinction. Over the 2006–2010 period, we

documented the effects of the spontaneous return of the endangered

snow leopard on the population of the vulnerable

Himalayan tahr. The study area was an area of central

Himalaya where this cat disappeared c. 40 years before, because

of persecution by man. Snow leopards occurred mainly

in areas close to the core area of tahr distribution. Tahr was the

staple (56.3 %) of snow leopards. After the arrival of this cat,

tahr decreased by more than 2/3 from 2003 to 2010 (mainly

through predation on kids). Subsequently, the density of snow

leopards decreased by 60%from2007 to 2010. The main prey

of snow leopards in Asia (bharal, marmots) were absent in our

study area, forcing snow leopards to specialize on tahr. The

restoration of a complete prey spectrum should be favoured

through reintroductions, to conserve large carnivores and to

reduce exploitation of small populations of herbivores, especially

if threatened.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1408  
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Author (down) Ferretti, F., Lovari, S. url 
  Title Predation may counteract climatic change as a driving force for movements of mountain ungulates Type Report
  Year 2016 Publication Behavioural-Processes Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue 129 Pages 101-104  
  Keywords Climate change, Environmental change, Interspecific interactions, Large cats, Predator-prey interactions  
  Abstract Temperature variations are expected to influence altitudinal movements of mountain herbivores and, in

turn, those of their predators, but relevant information is scarce. We evaluated monthly relationships

between temperature and altitude used by a large mountain-dwelling herbivore, the Himalayan tahr

Hemitragus jemlahicus, and its main predator, the snow leopard Panthera uncia, in an area of central

Himalaya for five consecutive years (2006–2010). In contrast to expectations, there was no significant

direct relationship between altitude of tahr sightings and temperature. The mean altitude of tahr sightings

decreased by c. 200 m throughout our study. As expected, snow leopard movements tracked those of tahr,

although the core area of the snow leopard did not move downwards. Tahr remained the staple of the

snow leopard diet: we suggest that the former did not move upwards in reaction to higher temperature

to avoid encounters with the latter. Avoidance of competition with the larger common leopard Panthera

pardus at lower altitudes could explain why snow leopards did not shift their core area downwards.

Apparently, interspecific interactions (predation; competition) influenced movements of Himalayan tahr

and snow leopards more than climatic variations.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1441  
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Author (down) Ferguson, D.A. url 
  Title International Cooperation for Snow Leopard and Biodiversity Conservation: The Government Perspective Type Conference Article
  Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 178-193  
  Keywords snow leopard; biodiversity; management; development; India; Pakistan; conservation; hunting; poaching; hunter; pelt; skin; fur; coat; livestock; habitat; herder; herders; Ussr; park; parks; reserves; reserve; refuge; Slims; field study; survey; surveys; transects; transect; Khunjerab; protected area; browse; U.S.S.R.; 2990  
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  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad  
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  Notes full text available at URL Title, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 210 Serial 274  
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Author (down) Feng, Z.J.   
  Title The Mammals of Xizang Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords 5380  
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  Publisher Science Press Place of Publication Beijing Editor  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 522 Serial 273  
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Author (down) Feng, Z.   
  Title The mammals of Tibet Type Book Whole
  Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Tibet; browse; 3500; Chinese  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Science Press Place of Publication Beijing Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Chinese Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 95 Serial 272  
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Author (down) Feng, X., Peng, Q., Chen, Y., Li, W. pdf 
  Title A Case Study of the Snow Leopard in Sanjiangyuan National Park Boundaries regarding Park Boundary Divergence Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Land Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue 813 Pages 1-15  
  Keywords boundary divergence; national park; global warming; snow leopard; Sanjiangyuan National Park  
  Abstract This paper uses remote sensing data from the Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP) to explore the divergence between the boundaries of national parks and the distribution of natural habitats. Results are used to argue that these discrepancies evolve along with the potential impact of global warming. Using the example of the habitat change of snow leopards and the conflicts between local people and snow leopards, we reflect on the consequences of this divergence. Results show that divergence between the political boundaries and natural habitats as well as the consequent influence on the living conditions of local people are strikingly visible, and the effects of global warming on such conflicts are apparent. The authors conclude that both notions of ‘political boundaries’ and ‘natural habitats’ are expected to come together as the SNP region is spatially configured, while ‘global warming’ seems to be relevant as an essential reference when delimiting the region in the future. Finally, the proposal for the establishment of cooperative conservation areas is presented,

emphasizing the role of cooperative governance in/around national parks.
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1687  
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Author (down) Feh, C. url 
  Title Ecology and social structure of the Gobi khulan Equus hemionus subsp. in the Gobi B. National Park, Mongolia Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 101 Issue Pages 51-61  
  Keywords Equus hemionus; Ecology and social structure; Gobi National Park; Mongolia; 5250  
  Abstract The status of the Gobi khulan Equus hemionus subsp. is recorded as ``insufficiently known'' in the Species Survival Commission's Equid Action Plan. Recent counts confirm that Mongolia holds the most important population of the whole species. Since 1953, the animals have benefited from a protected status, but this is now challenged. A 5-year study in the B part of the Gobi National Park on one subpopulation showed that it has remained stable over the past 15 years with an adequate mean reproductive rate of 15% and a 50% survival rate over the first year. Age/sex related mortality and prey analysis indicate that wolf predation probably has some impact on the population, in particular for 4-6-year-olds of both sexes at the start of reproduction. Desert and mountain steppes are the khulan's year-round preferred habitat, but `oases', play an important role at the beginning of lactation. Anthropogenic factors affect both home range and habitat use through direct intervention or permanent occupation of the scarce water sources. Khulans of this subpopulation, unlike other Asian and African wild asses, form year-round stable, non-territorial families. These families and all-male groups join together into ``bands'' in winter, and herds of several hundred animals, where reproductive rate is highest, form throughout the year. The existence of such herds may thus be critical for the breeding success of the population. Our study provides the first detailed quantitative data for this subspecies, which will help to monitor changes in the future. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.  
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  Notes Full text available at URL Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 510 Serial 271  
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Author (down) Fedosenko A.K. url 
  Title Relationship between the predators and wild ungulates in North Tien Shan and Jungar Alatau Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 72-74  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; predators-preys relationship; snow leopard; preys.; 6670; Russian  
  Abstract Ibex is a main prey for snow leopards. The role of marmots and snow cocks in snow leopard's consumption is negligent. It can prey on morals in the fir-wood. A case of snow leopard's attacking a dog is also known.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 645 Serial 270  
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