| Records |
Author  |
Broder, J.; MacFadden, A.; Cosens, L.; Rosenstein, D.; Harrison, T. |
| Title |
Use of Positive Reinforcement Conditioning to Monitor Pregnancy in an Unanesthetized Snow Leopard
(Uncia uncia) via Transabdominal Ultrasound |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Zoo Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
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Pages |
78-85 |
| Keywords |
desensitization; fetal development; operant conditioning; pregnancy detection; primiparous; snow leopard; zoo |
| Abstract |
Closely monitoring snow leopard (Uncia uncia) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. The staff at Potter Park Zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard (U. uncia). Ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. The animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. Fetuses were observed and measured on both occasions. The absence of anesthesia eliminated components of psychologic and physiologic stress associated with sedation. This was the first recorded instance of transabdominal ultrasound being carried out on an unanesthetized snow leopard. It documents the feasibility of detecting pregnancy and monitoring fetal development via ultrasound. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 905 |
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196 |
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| Author |
Brem A.E. |
| Title |
Irbis, or snow leopard (Felis uncia) |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
Vol.1. Mammals. |
Issue |
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Pages |
204-205 |
| Keywords |
snow leopard; distribution; identification features.; 6390; Russian |
| Abstract |
Snow leopard is met in the mountains of Turkistan, Altai, Bukhara, Pamir, Kashmir, and Tibet, and probably in South-East Siberia and along Sungari. In 1871, two animals were living in the Moscow Zoo Garden. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Life of animals. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 617 |
Serial |
195 |
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| Author |
Braden, K. |
| Title |
Snow leopard conservation in the USSR |
Type |
Magazine Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Snow Line |
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Fall |
Issue |
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Pages |
2-2 |
| Keywords |
conservation; snow leopard; Ussr |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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SLN @ rana @ 962 |
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191 |
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| Author |
Bowling, B. |
| Title |
The Legal Status of Snow Leopards in Afghanistan |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
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legal; snow leopard; Afghanistan; Cities; Cbd; Convention on Biological Diversity; 5740 |
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United Nations Environment Programme |
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SLN @ rana @ 502 |
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188 |
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| Author |
Bower, J.N. |
| Title |
Shy, elusive, struggling to survive: the snow leopard |
Type |
Journal Article |
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1983 |
Publication |
The Explorer |
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9-11 |
| Keywords |
snow leopard |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 985 |
Serial |
187 |
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| Author |
Bower, J.N. |
| Title |
For some endangered species, captive breeding programs are their last chance for life |
Type |
Magazine Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
National Parks and Conservation Magazine |
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June |
Pages |
16-19 |
| Keywords |
snow leopard, captive breeding |
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English |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1209 |
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| Author |
Bohnett, E., Holmberg, J., Faryabi, S. P., An, L., Ahmad, B., Rashid, W., Ostrowski, S. |
| Title |
Comparison of two individual identification algorithms for snow leopards (Panthera uncia) after automated detection |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Ecological Informatics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
77 |
Issue |
102214 |
Pages |
1-14 |
| Keywords |
Background subtraction, Deep learning, Hotspotter, Individual identification, PIE v2, Snow leopards |
| Abstract |
Photo-identification of individual snow leopards (Panthera uncia) is the primary data source for density estimation via capture-recapture statistical methods. To identify individual snow leopards in camera trap imagery, it is necessary to match individuals from a large number of images from multiple cameras and historical catalogues, which is both time-consuming and costly. The camouflaged snow leopards also make it difficult for machine learning to classify photos, as they blend in so well with the surrounding mountain environment, rendering applicable software solutions unavailable for the species. To potentially make snow leopard individual identification available via an artificial intelligence (AI) software interface, we first trained and evaluated image classification techniques for a convolutional neural network, pose invariant embeddings (PIE) (a triplet loss network), and compared the accuracy of PIE to that of the HotSpotter algorithm (a SIFT-based algorithm). Data were acquired from a curated library of free-ranging snow leopards taken in Afghanistan between 2012 and 2019 and from captive animals in zoos in Finland, Sweden, Germany, and the United States. We discovered several flaws in the initial PIE model, such as a small amount of background matching, that was addressed, albeit likely not fixed, using background subtraction (BGS) and left-right mirroring (LR) techniques which demonstrated reasonable accuracy (Rank 1: 74% Rank-5: 92%) comparable to the Hotspotter results (Rank 1: 74% Rank 2: 84%)The PIE BGS LR model, in conjunction with Hotspotter, yielded the following results: Rank-1: 85%, Rank-5: 95%, Rank-20: 99%. In general, our findings indicate that PIE BGS LR, in conjunction with HotSpotter, can classify snow leopards more accurately than using either algorithm alone. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
Serial |
1723 |
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Bohnett, E., Faryabi, S. P., Lewison, R., An, L., Bian, X., Rajabi, A. M., Jahed, N., Rooyesh, H., Mills, E., Ramos, S., Mesnildrey, N., Perez, C. M. S., Taylor, J., Terentyev, V., Ostrowski, S. |
| Title |
Human expertise combined with artificial intelligence improves performance of snow leopard camera trap studies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Global Ecology & Conservation |
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| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
e02350 |
Pages |
1-13 |
| Keywords |
Snow leopard, Artificial intelligence, Camera trap misclassification, individual ID, HotSpotter |
| Abstract |
Camera trapping is the most widely used data collection method for estimating snow leopard (Panthera uncia) abundance; however, the accuracy of this method is limited by human observer errors from misclassifying individuals in camera trap images. We evaluated the extent Whiskerbook (www.whiskerbook.org), an artificial intelligence (AI) software, could reduce this error rate and enhance the accuracy of capture-recapture abundance estimates. Using 439 images of 34 captive snow leopard individuals, classification was performed by five observers with prior experience in individual snow leopard ID (“experts”) and five observers with no such experience (“novices”). The “expert” observers classified 35 out of 34 snow leopard individuals, on average erroneously splitting one individual into two, thus resulting in a higher number than true individuals. The success rate of experts was 90 %, with less than a 3 % error in estimating the population size in capture-recapture modeling. However, the “novice” observers successfully matched 71 % of encounters, recognizing 25 out of 34 individuals, underestimating the population by 25 %. It was found that expert observers significantly outperformed novice observers, making statistically fewer errors (Mann Whitney U test P = 0.01) and finding the true number of individuals (P = 0.01). These differences were contrasted with a previous study by Johansson et al. 2020, using the same subset of 16 individuals from European zoos. With the help of AI and the Whiskerbook platform, “experts” were able to match 87 % of encounters and identify 15 out of 16 individuals, with modeled estimates of 16 ± 1 individuals. In contrast, “novices” were 63 % accurate in matching encounters and identified 12 out of 16 individuals, modeling 12 ± 1 individuals that underestimated the population size by 12 %. When comparing the performance of observers using AI and the Whiskerbook platform to observers performing the tasks manually, we found that observers using Whiskerbook made significantly fewer errors in splitting one individual into two (P = 0.04). However, there were also a significantly higher number of combination errors, where two individuals were combined into one (P = 0.01). Specifically, combination errors were found to be made by “novices” (P = 0.04). Although AI benefited both expert and novice observers, expert observers outperformed novices. Our results suggest that AI effectively reduced the misclassification of individual snow leopards in camera trap studies, improving abundance estimates. However, even with AI support, expert observers were needed to obtain the most accurate estimates. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
Serial |
1715 |
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| Author |
Bogdanov O.P. |
| Title |
Snow leopard (Felis uncia) |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1961 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
246-247 |
| Keywords |
Uzbekistan; snow leopard; distriburion; life history; diet; use.; 6360; Russian |
| Abstract |
In Uzbekistan, this species is distributed in spurs of Tien Shan and Gissar. It preys on ibex, rarer on argalis, roe-deers, young wild boars. In winter, it attacks livestock and sometimes feeds upon marmots and smaller rodents. Snow leopard attacks man very rarely, only when wounded. The economic significance of this species is low, since only few skins are traded. Its dressed skins are used as rugs. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Uzbekistan. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 614 |
Serial |
183 |
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| Author |
Bogdanov O.P. |
| Title |
The Chatkal state mountain forest biosphere reserve. The Hissar nature reserve |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1989 |
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11-28 |
| Keywords |
Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; Hissar nature reserve; birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; plants; rare species; numerous species; snow leopard.; 6370; Russian |
| Abstract |
In a popular form it describes the origination, nature and fauna of the Chatkal nature reserve. Habitats and ecology of Menzbier's marmot, water-snake, forest dormouse, and fox are described. It also indicates mammal and bird species listed in the Red Book of the USSR black vulture, griffon vulture, bearded vulture, golden eagle, snow leopard, Turkestan lynx, and Tien-Shan brown bear. There are 23 mammal species in the Hissar nature reserve. Ecology of snow leopard and Siberian mountain ibex is described. In the year 1977, 15 Turkestan lynx, about 25 Tien-Shan brown bears, five to seven snow leopards, and 120 150 Siberian mountain ibex were counted in the nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of Uzbekistan. Stories of naturalist. |
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| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 615 |
Serial |
184 |
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| Author |
Bogdanov O.P. |
| Title |
Snow leopard or irbis Uncia Uncia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
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Issue |
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Pages |
76-80 |
| Keywords |
Ussr; Uzbekistan; Pamir; tien shan; Hissar ridge; Turkestan ridge; Chatkal ridge; juniper forest; snow leopard; species range; hunting; behavior; diet; reproductive activity; number; ibex; mountain sheep.; 6380; Russian |
| Abstract |
Snow leopard and its habitat within the USSR and Uzbek SSR are described. Its habitat in the Chatkal and Hissar ridges are described too. Given are data concerning alimentary biology, reproduction, and attitude to man. Female snow leopards become mature at the age of two three years, male at the age of four years. Reproduction occurs once every two years. Presumably, there are 10 animals in the country. Snow leopard is protected in four nature reserves in Uzbekistan and a number of nature reserves in neighbour countries. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals of Uzbekistan. Encyclopedic reference book. |
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| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 616 |
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185 |
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| Author |
Bobrinskiy, N.A. |
| Title |
Subgenus Leopardus |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1935 |
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100-101 |
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Ussr; leopards; snow leopard; distribution; features.; 6300; Russian |
| Abstract |
Snow Leopard Felis (Leopardus) uncia S c h r † b., 1778 is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia, Turkmenistan (very rare) and Turkestan, on Tarbagatay, Altay, Sayans and in Uriankhay area. Subspecies haven't been described. Body length is about 130 cm, tail length 90 cm. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guide on hunting-game animals of USSR. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 608 |
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178 |
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| Author |
Bobrinskiy N.A. |
| Title |
The mountains of Central Asia |
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Miscellaneous |
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1951 |
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382 |
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Central Asia; zoogeography; mountain fauna; snow leopard.; 6320; Russian |
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Given is a general characteristic of fauna complexes in the mountains of Central Asia (Jungar Ala-Tau, Tien Shan, Hissar Alai, Kopet-Dag), peculiarities of animal distribution in association with folded mountain relief, vertical zoning, anthropogenic influence and importance of mountain fauna for human beings. It provides a description of main animal groups and is an effort of zoning fauna of the mountains of Central Asia. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geography of animals (a course of zoogeography). |
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SLN @ rana @ 610 |
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179 |
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| Author |
Bobrinskiy N.A. |
| Title |
Mountains of Central Asia |
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Miscellaneous |
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1967 |
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296-321 |
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Middle Asia; mountain; tien shan; Pamir; Hissar ridge; Turkestan ridge; Kopet-Dag ridge; Animals; plants; Issyk-Kul lake; Sary-Chelek; spiders; birds; lizards; marmots; wild sheep; ibex; snow leopard.; 6330; Russian |
| Abstract |
It provides a zoogeographical description of Central Asia mountains: Tien Shan (west and east), Pamir, the Turkestan and Hissar ridges, and ruinous mountains in Kyzylkum. Distribution of various animal species over the area under study is described. Data concerning Central Asia sheep, ibex, and snow leopard in the alpine meadow zone, and data concerning the otter (in the Tupalang river basin) and grey partridge is presented. The author noted that generally fauna of Tien Shan, Hissar, and Pamir is similar to that of Inner Asia. The other type of fauna more similar to that of Transcaucasia is typical for Kopet-Dag. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna and nature of the USSR. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 611 |
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180 |
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| Author |
Bobrinskiy N.A. |
| Title |
Preditors (Carnivora). The mountains of Central Asia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1938 |
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233-234 |
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Central Asia; mountain system; fauna; snow leopard; wild ibex.; 6340; Russian |
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It describes fauna of the Tien Shan, Pamir and Hissar mountains of Central Asia. The mountains of Central Asia. Ibex (Capra sibirica) and snow leopard (Uncia uncia) are listed among other inhabitants of highlands in Tien Shan and Pamir Hissar. |
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1938 |
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Russian |
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Full text available in Russian Journal Title: A course of zoology. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 612 |
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181 |
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| Author |
Bobrinskiy N.A. |
| Title |
Mountains of Central Asia |
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Miscellaneous |
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1946 |
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417-427 |
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Central Asia; mountains; hauna; snow leopard.; 6350; Russian |
| Abstract |
A general description of fauna complexes of Central Asia's mountains (Djungar Ala-Tau, Tien-Shan, Gissar, Pamir, Kopet-Dag, Greater Balkhans) is given. A review of main animal groups and an attempt to zone fauna of Central Asia's mountains are made. Fauna of Central Asia's highlands with its specific variety of species (snow leopard, ibex, argali, snow cock and others) is western outpost of Inner Asia's mountain fauna. Snow leopard inhabits highlands of Djungar Ala-Tau, East and West Tien Shan, Bukhara and East Pamir. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geography of animals. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 613 |
Serial |
182 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
| Author |
Bo, W. |
| Title |
Illegal Trade of Snow Leopards in China: An Overview |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
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| Keywords |
zoo; collection; illegal; poaching; snow; leopard; trading; pelts; pelt; skin; bone; meat; trapping; 5110 |
| Abstract |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Islt |
Place of Publication |
Islt |
Editor |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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| Notes |
Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 497 |
Serial |
177 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
| Author |
Blomqvist, L.; Sten, I. |
| Title |
Reproductive biology of the snow leopard, Panthera uncia |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
|
Pages |
71-79 |
| Keywords |
panthera uncia; reproductive biology; snow leopard |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
| Language |
|
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1001 |
Serial |
157 |
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| |
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| |
| Author |
Blomqvist, L.; Rieger, I. |
| Title |
Snow leopard references |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
153-160 |
| Keywords |
International; pedigree; snow leopard |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
|
ISBN |
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Medium |
|
| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
|
| Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 960 |
Serial |
143 |
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| |
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| |
| Author |
Blomqvist, L.; Rieger, I. |
| Title |
Snow leopard references |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
258-262 |
| Keywords |
snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; references; International; pedigree; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards |
| Abstract |
|
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
| Language |
|
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
Continued from the International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards I, 1978 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1085 |
Serial |
152 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
| Author |
Blomqvist, L.; Nystrom, V. |
| Title |
On identifying snow leopards, Panthera uncia, by their facial markings |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
159-167 |
| Keywords |
facial markings; International; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; pedigree; snow leopard |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
|
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
| ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
| Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
| Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 959 |
Serial |
149 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
| Author |
Blomqvist, L.; Dexel, B. |
| Title |
In Focus: Declining numbers of wild snow leopards |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
EAZA Zoo News |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
26-27 |
| Keywords |
asia; Cites; conflict; habitat loss; herder; laws; poaching; protection; snow leopard; threat; trade; Uncia uncia |
| Abstract |
International collaboration to ensure the long-term survival of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the wild is today more acutely needed than ever! Trade in live snow leopards, their skins and bones, has during the last decade reached such extensiveness that the species is in danger of being wiped out from many of its former habitats. All recent surveys support declining populations throughout most of their range. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 887 |
Serial |
172 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
| Author |
Blomqvist, L. |
| Title |
The Snow Leopard, Panthera uncia, in Captivity and the 1977 World Register |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
22-34 |
| Keywords |
captivity; snow-leopard; pedigree; zoo; Dna; genetics; snow leopard; browse; 2910 |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
|
Conference |
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| Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 41 |
Serial |
139 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
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| |
| Author |
Blomqvist, L. |
| Title |
Distribution and status of the snow leopard |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
6-21 |
| Keywords |
distribution; International; pedigree; snow leopard; status |
| Abstract |
|
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Helsinki Zoo, Finland |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
| Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
|
Edition |
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| ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
| Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
| Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 952 |
Serial |
140 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
| Author |
Blomqvist, L. |
| Title |
First international snow leopard conference in Helsinki, 7th – 8th March 1978 |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Zoo News |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
25 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
5-6 |
| Keywords |
International; snow leopard |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
|
Edition |
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| ISSN |
|
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
| Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 953 |
Serial |
141 |
| Permanent link to this record |
