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Author (up) Rana, B.S. url 
  Title Distinguishing kills of two large mammalian predators in Spiti Valley Himachal Pradesh Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication J.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 94 Issue 3 Pages 553  
  Keywords behavior; endangered; threatened species; foods; feeding; mammals; predation; wildlife; livestock relationships; snow leopard; Tibetan wolf; prey; livestock; India; panthera uncia; canis lupis; browse; threatened; species; relationships; tibetan; wolf; panthera; uncia; canis; lupis; 610  
  Abstract The author studied livestock killed by predators in the Spiti Valley, India, to determine what species had killed yaks, horses, donkeys, and other domestic animals. Eleven of the kills examined were made by snow leopards and six by the Tibetan wolf. Wolves were involved in surplus killings, while snow leopards kill as food is needed. lgh  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 326 Serial 804  
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Author (up) Rashek V.A. url 
  Title The Chatkal State nature reserve. Aksu Jabagly nature reserve Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 157-161  
  Keywords Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Chatkal nature reserve; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; landscape; flora; fauna; birds; mammals; rare species; snow leopard.; 8040; Russian  
  Abstract It describes history of the Chatkal and Aksu Jabagly nature reserves' establishment and provides data concerning hydrography, soils, climate, landscapes, altitude zoning, flora and fauna, and main aspects of scientific work.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 782 Serial 806  
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Author (up) Rashid, W., Shi, J., Rahim, I. U., Dong, S., Ahmad, L. pdf 
  Title Research trends and management options in human-snow leopard conflict Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 242 Issue 108413 Pages 1-10  
  Keywords Snow leopards, Systematic review, Compensation, Co-existence, Livestock, Human-wildlife conflict, Mitigation  
  Abstract Conservation of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is challenging because of its threatened status and increase in human-snow leopard conflict (HSC). The area of occupancy of the snow leopard comprises mountainous regions of Asia that are confronted with various environmental pressures including climate change. HSCs have increased with a burgeoning human population and economic activities that enhance competition between human and snow leopard or its preys. Here we systematically review the peer-reviewed literature from 1994 to 2018 in Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed (30 articles), to evaluate the current state of scholarship about HSCs and their management. We determine: 1) the spatio-temporal distribution of relevant researches; 2) the methodologies to assess HSCs; 3) and evaluate existing interventions for conflict management; and 4) the potential options for HSC management. The aim of the current study is thus to identify key research gaps and future research requirements. Of the articles in this review, 60% evaluated the mitigation of HSCs, while only 37% provided actionable and decisive results. Compensation programs and livestock management strategies had high success rates for mitigating HSCs through direct or community-managed interventions. Further research is required to evaluate the efficacy of existing HSC mitigation strategies, many of which, while recommended, lack proper support. In spite of the progress made in HSC studies, research is needed to examine ecological and sociocultural context of HSCs. We suggest future work focus on rangeland management for HSC mitigation, thus ultimately fostering a co-existence between human and snow leopard.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1716  
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Author (up) Rashid, W., Shi, J., Rahim, I. U., Dong, S., Sultan, H. url 
  Title Issues and Opportunities Associated with Trophy Hunting and Tourism in Khunjerab National Park, Northern Pakistan Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Animals Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 10 Issue 597 Pages 1-20  
  Keywords trophy hunting; mass tourism; Pamir; eco-tourism; human-Snow leopard conflict  
  Abstract Trophy hunting and mass tourism are the two major interventions designed to provide various socioeconomic and ecological benefits at the local and regional levels. However, these interventions have raised some serious concerns that need to be addressed. This study was conducted in Khunjerab National Park (KNP) with an aim to analyze comparatively the socioeconomic and ecological impacts of trophy hunting and mass tourism over the last three decades within the context of sustainability. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with key stakeholders and household interviews were conducted to collect data on trophy hunting and mass tourism, and on local attitudes towards these two interventions in and around KNP. The results revealed that 170 Ibex (Capra sibirica) and 12 Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) were hunted in the study area over the past three decades, and trophy hunting was not based on a sustainable harvest level. Trophy hunting on average generated USD 16,272 annual revenue, which was invested in community development. However, trophy hunting has greatly changed the attitudes of local residents towards wildlife: a positive attitude towards the wild ungulates and strongly negative attitude towards wild carnivores. In addition, trophy hunting has reduced the availability of ungulate prey species for Snow leopards (Panthera uncia), and consequently, Snow leopards have increased their predation on domestic livestock. This has, in turn, increased human–snow leopard conflict, as negative attitudes towards carnivores result in retaliatory killing of Snow leopards. Furthermore, according to ocial record data, the number of tourists to KNP has increased tremendously by 10,437.8%, from 1382 in 1999 to 145,633 in 2018. Mass tourism on average generated USD 33,904 annually and provided opportunities for locals to earn high incomes, but it caused damages to the environment and ecosystem in KNP through pollution generation and negative impacts on wildlife. Considering the limited benefits and significant problems created by trophy hunting and mass tourism, we suggest trophy hunting should be stopped and mass tourism should be shifted to ecotourism in and around KNP. Ecotourism could mitigate human–Snow leopard conflicts and help conserve the fragile ecosystem, while generating enough revenue incentives for the community to protect biodiversity and compensate for livestock depredation losses to Snow leopards. Our results may have implications for management of trophy hunting and mass tourism in other similar regions that deserve further investigation.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1621  
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Author (up) Razmakhnin V.E. url 
  Title Siberian wild ibex Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1977 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 164-175  
  Keywords Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian  
  Abstract It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 783 Serial 810  
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Author (up) Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M. url 
  Title Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Anim.Keepers' Forum Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue 10 Pages 386-391  
  Keywords behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300  
  Abstract The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh.  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 340 Serial 814  
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Author (up) Ricciuti, E.R. url 
  Title This fragile earth/Part II: Mountains besieged Type Magazine Article
  Year 1976 Publication International Wildlife Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue November-December Pages 24-33  
  Keywords snow leopard  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1187  
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Author (up) Richardson, N. url 
  Title The snow leopard: ghost of the mountains Type Newspaper Article
  Year 2010 Publication The telegraph Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue 16 Dec 2010 Pages  
  Keywords Mongolia, Snow Leopard Trust, Panthera, snow leopard, research  
  Abstract Snow leopards face the threats of poaching, habitat loss and diminishing prey. In remotest Mongolia, a research team is keeping tabs on this iconic and elusive species.  
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  Notes http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/8207266/The-snow-leopard-ghost-of-the-mountains.html Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1292  
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Author (up) Riddell, Mand L.G. url 
  Title Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730  
  Abstract This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations:

ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity

ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers

ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching

ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently

ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions

ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders

ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region

ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region

 Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan

 Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains

 Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations

 More government fund for the Institute of Zoology

 Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard

survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia.

This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and

distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community.

The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol).
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 283 Serial 816  
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Author (up) Rieger, I. url 
  Title Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia Type Book Chapter
  Year 1978 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 1 Issue Pages 78-103  
  Keywords behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo  
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  Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1037 Serial 818  
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