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	Author	Molyukov M.I.
	Title	Irbis			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1989	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	74-81
	Keywords	Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; diet; behavior.; 7710; Russian
	Abstract	In a popular form it tells about snow leopard, its geographical distribution, behavioral patterns, food, enemies and competitors, hunting behavior, etc. Given are interesting data concerning the number of ibex killed during one hunt in eastern Pamir (25 30 ibexes), cases of snow leopard's attacking bears and so on. Snow leopard rarely preys on livestock, mainly sheep and goats. Young snow leopards are easily tamed. There are about 2,000 snow leopards in the USSR about 1,500 of them are in Kyrgyzstan.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the Red Data Book of the USSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 749			Serial	703
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	Author	Mishra, C.; Van Wieren S.; Ketner, P.; Heitkonig, I.; Prins H.
	Title	Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of Animal Ecology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	73	Issue		Pages	344-354
	Keywords	blue sheep,diet,grazing,rangeland,resource,ungulate,wildlife; 5320
	Abstract	1. The issue of competition between livestock and wild herbivores has remained contentious. We studied the diets and population structures of the mountain ungulate bharal Pseudois nayaur and seven species of livestock to evaluate whether or not they compete for forage. The study was conducted in the high altitude Spiti Valley, Indian Trans-Himalaya. 2. We compared resource (forage) availability and bharal population structures between rangelands differing in livestock density. Forage availability was estimated by clipping the standing graminoid biomass in sample plots. Livestock and bharal population structures were quantified through annual censuses. Seasonal diets of livestock were studied by direct observations, while those of bharal were quantified through feeding signs on vegetation. 3. We found that livestock grazing causes a significant reduction in the standing crop of forage. Graminoid availability per unit livestock biomass was three times greater in a moderately grazed rangeland compared with an intensively grazed one. 4. There was considerable diet overlap among the herbivore species. In summer, bharal, yak Bos grunniens, horse Equus caballus, cow Bos indicus, and dzomo (yak-cow hybrids) fed predominantly on graminoids, while donkey E. asinus, sheep Ovis aries, and goat Capra hircus, consumed both graminoids and herbs. The summer diet of bharal was a subset of the diets of three livestock species. In winter, depleted graminoid availability caused bharal, yak and horse to consume relatively more herbs, while the remaining livestock species fed predominantly on graminoids. Diet overlap was less in winter but, in both seasons, all important forage species in the bharal diet were consumed in substantial amounts by one or more species of livestock. 5. Comparison of the population structures of bharal between two rangelands differing in livestock density by c. 30% yielded evidence of resource competition. In the intensively grazed rangeland, bharal density was 63% lower, and bharal population showed poorer performance (lower young : adult female ratios). 6.Synthesis and applications High diet overlap between livestock and bharal, together with density-dependent forage limitation, results in resource competition and a decline in bharal density. Under the present conditions of high livestock density and supplemental feeding, restricting livestock numbers and creating livestockfree areas are necessary measures for conserving Trans-Himalayan wild herbivores. Mediating competitive effects on bharal through supplemental feeding is not a feasible option.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 517			Serial	695
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	Author	Meklenburtsev R.N.
	Title	About ecology of ibex in Pamir			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1949	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. 28, edition 5.	Issue		Pages	482-483
	Keywords	Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian
	Abstract	Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 742			Serial	674
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	Author	McCarthy, T.
	Title	Snow Leopard Conservation Plan for the Republic of Mongolia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1999	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Mongolia; conservation; legal-status; Iunc; Cites; distribution; status; Altay; gobi; parks; preserves; habitat; reserves; refuge; protected-area; poaching; hunting; trade; furs; pelts; skins; coats; bones; trapping; livestock; herders; killing; habitat-fragmentation; threats; Disease; prey; diet; Mne; laws; education; management; Macne; Wwf; Islt; regulations; monitoring; Slims; tourism; conflict; browse; legal status; legal; protected; area; fragmentation; world wildlife fund; international snow leopard trust; 3890
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	Notes	Full Text Available at URL: DRAFT			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 366			Serial	657
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	Author	Lu, Q., Xiao, L., Cheng, C., Lu, Z., Zhao, J., Yao, M.
	Title	Snow Leopard Dietary Preferences and Livestock Predation Revealed by Fecal DNA Metabarcoding: No Evidence for Apparent Competition Between Wild and Domestic Prey			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	783546	Pages	1 - 14
	Keywords	apparent mutualism, blue sheep, feeding habits, molecular dietary analysis, human-carnivore conflict, prey selection, Sanjiangyuan
	Abstract	Accurate assessments of the patterns and drivers of livestock depredation by wild carnivores are vital for designing effective mitigation strategies to reduce human-wildlife conflict. Snow leopard’s (Panthera uncia) range extensively overlaps pastoralist land- use and livestock predation there is widely reported, but the ecological determinants of livestock consumption by snow leopards remain obscure. We investigated snow leopard dietary habits at seven sites across the Sanjiangyuan region of the Qinghai– Tibetan Plateau (QTP), an area central to the species’ global range. Snow leopard abundance, wild prey composition, and livestock density varied among those sites, thus allowing us to test the effects of various factors on snow leopard diet and livestock predation. Using DNA metabarcoding, we obtained highly resolved dietary data from 351 genetically verified snow leopard fecal samples. We then analyzed the prey preferences of snow leopards and examined ecological factors related to their livestock consumption. Across the sites, snow leopard prey was composed mainly of wild ungulates (mean = 81.5% of dietary sequences), particularly bharal (Pseudois nayaur), and supplemented with livestock (7.62%) and smaller mammals (marmots, pikas, mice; 10.7%). Snow leopards showed a strong preference for bharal, relative to livestock, based on their densities. Interestingly, both proportional and total livestock consumption by snow leopards increased linearly with local livestock biomass, but not with livestock density. That, together with a slight negative relationship with bharal density, supports apparent facilitation between wild and domestic prey. We also found a significant positive correlation between population densities of snow leopard and bharal, yet those densities showed slight negative relationships with livestock density. Our results highlight the importance of sufficient wild ungulate abundance to the conservation of viable snow leopard populations. Additionally, livestock protection is critically needed to reduce losses to snow leopard depredation, especially where local livestock abundances are high.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1675
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	Author	Lovari, S., Ventimiglia, M., Minder, I.
	Title	Food habits of two leopard species, competition, climate change and upper treeline: a way to the decrease of an endangered species?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Ethology Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	25	Issue	4	Pages	305-318
	Keywords	carnivore evolution, coexistence, sympatric species, diet, Panthera uncia, Panthera pardus.
	Abstract	For carnivore species, spatial avoidance is one of the evolutionary solutions to coexist in an area, especially if food habits overlap and body sizes tend to coincide. We reviewed the diets of two large cats of similar sizes, the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia, 16 studies) and the near-threatened common leopard (Panthera par- dus, 11 studies), in Asia. These cats share ca 10,000 km2 of their mountainous range, although snow leopards tend to occur at a significantly higher altitude than common leopards, the former being a cold-adapted species of open habitats, whereas the latter is an ecologically flexible one, with a preference for woodland. The spectrum of prey of common leopards was 2.5 times greater than that of snow leopards, with wild prey being the staple for both species. Livestock rarely contributed much to the diet. When the breadth of trophic niches was compared, overlap ranged from 0.83 (weight categories) to one (main food categories). As these leopard species have approximately the same size and comparable food habits, one can predict that competition will arise when they live in sympatry. On mountains, climate change has been elevating the upper forest limit, where both leopard species occur. This means a habitat increase for common leopards and a substantial habitat reduction for snow leopards, whose range is going to be squeezed between the forest and the barren rocky altitudes, with medium- to long-term undesirable effects on the conservation of this endangered cat
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1403
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	Author	Lilin, Z.
	Title	Captive rearing of a wild snow leopard cub in the Xining Zoo, China			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	177-182
	Keywords	zoos; captivity; zoo; husbandry; rearing; distribution; diet; food; feeding; young; cubs; reproduction; breeding; mating; China; browse; 3700
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Usa	Editor	J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 245			Serial	619
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	Author	Lesnyak A.P.
	Title	Cats in Uzbekistan's fur trade			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1984	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	57-64
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; rare species; Cats; species range; diet; hunting; pelts; poaching; snow leopard.; 7580; Russian
	Abstract	Data of distribution, food, and fur trade of Felidae (North Persian leopard, snow leopard, caracal, Turkestan lynx, manul, Turkestan steppe cat, jungle cat [chaus], sand cat) in Uzbekistan is given. Snow leopard is an object of illegal hunting.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunting and nature protection in Uzbekistan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 736			Serial	615
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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	Snow leopard. Uncia uncia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1985	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	85-86
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; diet; wild ibex; argali; number; breeding; poaching; over livestock; nature reserves.; 7400; Russian
	Abstract	In the Soviet Union snow leopard inhabits highlands of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Sayans. In Kazakhstan, this species can be found in Jungara Alatau, Tien Shan, Tarbagatai, Saura, and Altai; formerly was seen at the Karatau ridge. It mostly preys on ibex and argali. The heat time is February April, cubs are born in May June. Its population has decrease because of the initiation of livestock grazing on mountain pastures, poaching, and wild ungulates population shrinkage. This species is protected in Aksu Jabagly and Almaty nature reserves. More nature reserves need to be established in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In the world of rare animals.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 718			Serial	584
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	Author	Koshkarev E.P.
	Title	Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1989	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	100 p.
	Keywords	Kyzgyzstan; snow leopard; life-history; distribution; habitats; number; diet; behavior; conservation measures.; 7240; Russian
	Abstract	Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed.
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in Russian			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 702			Serial	558
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