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Author (down) Rode, J., Pelletier, A., Fumey, J., Rode, S., Cabanat, A. L., Ouvrard, A., Chaix, B., White, B., Harnden, M., Xuan, N. T., Vereshagin, A., Casane, D.
Title Diachronic monitoring of snow leopards at Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve (Kyrgyzstan) through scat genotyping: a pilot study Type Journal Article
Year 2020 Publication bioRxiv Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-21
Keywords snow leopard, noninvasive genotyping, population dynamics, microsatellite, relatedness, diachronic monitoring, citizen science, Central Asia
Abstract Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are a keystone species of Central Asia’s high mountain ecosystem. The species is listed as vulnerable and is elusive, preventing accurate population assessments that could inform conservation actions. Non-invasive genetic monitoring conducted by citizen scientists offers avenues to provide key data on this species that would otherwise be inaccessible. From 2011 to 2015, OSI-Panthera citizen science expeditions tracked signs of presence of snow leopards along transects in the main valleys and crests of the Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve (Kyrgyzstan). Scat samples were genotyped at seven autosomal microsatellite loci and at a X/Y locus for sex identification, which allowed estimating a minimum of 11 individuals present in the reserve from 2011 to 2015. The genetic recapture of 7 of these individuals enabled diachronic monitoring, providing indications of individuals’ movements throughout the reserve. We found putative family relationships between several individuals. Our results demonstrate the potential of this citizen science program to get a precise description of a snow leopard population through time.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1602
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Author (down) Rode, J., Lambert, C., Marescot, L., Chaix, B., Beesau, J., Bastian, S., Kyrbashev, J., Cabanat, A.L.
Title Population monitoring of snow leopards using camera trapping in Naryn State Nature Reserve, Kyrgyzstan, between 2016 and 2019 Type Journal Article
Year 2021 Publication Global Ecology and Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 31 Issue e01850 Pages 1-6
Keywords Snow leopard, camera trapping, Citizen science, Kyrgyzstan
Abstract Four field seasons of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) camera trapping inside Naryn State Nature Reserve, Kyrgyzstan, performed thanks to citizen science expeditions, allowed detecting a minimal population of five adults, caught every year with an equilibrated sex ratio (1.5:1) and reproduction: five cubs or subadults have been identified from three litters of two different females. Crossings were observed one to three times a year, in front of most camera traps, and several times a month in front of one of them. Overlap of adults’ minimal territories was observed in front of several camera traps, regardless of their sex. Significant snow leopard presence was detected in the buffer area and at Ulan area which is situated at the reserve border. To avoid poaching on this apex predator and its preys, extending the more stringent protection measures of the core zone to both the Southern buffer area and land adjacent to Ulan is recommended.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1660
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Author (down) Rishi, V.
Title Snow leopards breed at Darjeeling Zoo Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Zoo's Print Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-4
Keywords India; snow leopard; zoo
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 988 Serial 824
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Author (down) Riordan, P.
Title Unsupervised recognition of individual tigers and snow leopards from their footprints Type Miscellaneous
Year 1998 Publication Animal Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 1 Issue Pages 253-262
Keywords captive; panthera tigris; panthera uncia; snow leopard; techniques; tiger
Abstract This study presents the testing of two unsupervised classification methods for their ability to accurately identify unknown individual tigers, Panthera tigris, and snow leopards, Panthera uncia, from their footprints. A neural-network based method, the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), and a Bayesian method, AutoClass, were assessed using hind footprints taken from captive animals under standardized conditions. AutoClass successfully discriminated individuals of both species from their footprints. Classification accuracy was greatest for tigers, with more misclassification of individuals occurring for snow leopards. Examination of variable influence on class formations failed to identify consistently influential measurements for either species. The self-organizing map did not provide accurate classification of individuals for either species. Results were not substantially improved by altering map dimensions nor by using principal components derived from the original data. The interpretation of resulting classifications and the importance of using such techniques in the study of wild animal populations are discussed. The need for further testing in the field is highlighted.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 896 Serial 823
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Author (down) Rieger, I.
Title Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia Type Book Chapter
Year 1978 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 1 Issue Pages 78-103
Keywords behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1037 Serial 818
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Author (down) Rieger, I.
Title Some aspects of the history of ounce knowledge Type Book Chapter
Year 1980 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 2 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue Pages 1-36
Keywords history; International; knowledge; ounce; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1050 Serial 820
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Author (down) Rieger, I.
Title Breeding ounces, Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1775) in zoological gardens Type Book Chapter
Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue Pages 49-50
Keywords breeding; captive; International; ounce; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; zoo; zoological; zoological-gardens; zoological gardens
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1038 Serial 822
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Author (down) Riddell, Mand L.G.
Title Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004 Type Miscellaneous
Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730
Abstract This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations:

ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity

ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers

ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching

ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently

ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions

ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders

ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region

ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region

 Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan

 Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains

 Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations

 More government fund for the Institute of Zoology

 Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard

survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia.

This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and

distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community.

The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol).
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 283 Serial 816
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Author (down) Richardson, N.
Title The snow leopard: ghost of the mountains Type Newspaper Article
Year 2010 Publication The telegraph Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 16 Dec 2010 Pages
Keywords Mongolia, Snow Leopard Trust, Panthera, snow leopard, research
Abstract Snow leopards face the threats of poaching, habitat loss and diminishing prey. In remotest Mongolia, a research team is keeping tabs on this iconic and elusive species.
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Notes http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/8207266/The-snow-leopard-ghost-of-the-mountains.html Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1292
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Author (down) Ricciuti, E.R.
Title This fragile earth/Part II: Mountains besieged Type Magazine Article
Year 1976 Publication International Wildlife Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue November-December Pages 24-33
Keywords snow leopard
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1187
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