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Author (up) Din, J. U., Ali, H., Ali, A., Younus, M., Mehmood,, T., Rashid, Y. N., Nawaz, M. A.
Title Pastoralist-predator interaction at the roof of the world: Conflict dynamics and implications for conservation Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Ecology and Society Abbreviated Journal
Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages
Keywords Afghan Pamir; carnivore; conflict; Pak Pamir; pastoralist; predation; snow leopard; Tajik Pamir; wolf
Abstract Pastoralism and predation are two major concomitantly known facts and matters of concern for conservation biologists worldwide. Pastoralist-predator conflict constitutes a major social-ecological concern in the Pamir mountain range encompassing Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan, and affects community attitudes and tolerance toward carnivores. Very few studies have been conducted to understand the dynamics of livestock predation by large carnivores like snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and wolves (Canis

lupus), owing to the region�s remoteness and inaccessibility. This study attempts to assess the intensity of livestock predation (and resulting perceptions) by snow leopards and wolves across the Afghani, Pakistani, and Tajik Pamir range during the period January 2008�June 2012. The study found that livestock mortality due to disease is the most serious threat to livestock (an average 3.5 animal heads per household per year) and ultimately to the rural economy (an average of US$352 per household per year) as compared to

predation (1.78 animal heads per household per year, US$191) in the three study sites. Overall, 1419 (315 per year) heads of livestock were reportedly killed by snow leopards (47%) and wolves (53%) in the study sites. People with comparatively smaller landholdings and limited earning options, other than livestock rearing, expressed negative attitudes toward both wolves and snow leopards and vice versa. Education was found to be an effective solution to dilute people�s hatred for predators. Low public tolerance of the wolf and

snow leopard in general explained the magnitude of the threat facing predators in the Pamirs. This will likely continue unless tangible and informed conservation measures like disease control and predation compensation programs are taken among others.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1453
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Author (up) Dustov J.
Title Evaluation of current status of large mammals in the Chatkal nature reserve Type Miscellaneous
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 89-92
Keywords Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; Chatkal nature reserve; distribution; number; snow leopard.; 6510; Russian
Abstract The counts of species populations such as Menzbier's marmot, roe-deer, ibex, wild boar, wolf, Tien Shan brown bear, and snow leopard has been made on permanent transects in the Chatkal reserve for 18 years. Data on of the population numbers is provided. 11 encounters with snow leopard were registered during a period of 1975 through 1979. Two encounters were recorded in 2000.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity of the Western Tien Shan: protection and sustainable use. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 629 Serial 247
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Author (up) Dyikanova, C.
Title A public awareness outreach programme on Snow Leopards for the Kyrgyz Republic, Final Report Type Report
Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-4
Keywords project; awareness; local; local people; people; staff; Base; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; conservation; ecology; threats; threat; Kyrgyzstan; regional; areas; area; public; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; Kyrgyz; Kyrgyz-Republic; republic; Report; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; community
Abstract The principle goal of the project was to raise awareness of local people, staff of frontier posts,

customs and foreign military base on snow leopard, and its conservation. In the framework of the

project the following steps were to be executed:

A) To disseminate printing materials: a booklet, poster, card and calendar.

b) To publish articles on snow leopard ecology and conservation issues and threats in

Kyrgyzstan regional newspapers (Issyk-Kul, Osh, and Chui areas)

C) To hold follow-up meeting with target groups

D) To evaluate project results
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Notes Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Community and Business Forum, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1066 Serial 248
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Author (up) Egorov O.V.
Title Enemies, infections, parasites and mortality rate of ibex Type Miscellaneous
Year 1955 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. 42. Issue Pages 37-50
Keywords Ussr; ungulates; predators; snow leopard.; 6520; Russian
Abstract Reasons for ibex and argali mortality from natural enemies, parasites, infections, accidents, and hunters are analyzed. Snow leopard is one of the most dangerous enemies of ibex and argali, preying equally on both young and mature animals (mostly males). Snow leopard feeds upon ibex all year round. Unlike wolf, snow leopard would never kill several animals at a time, but only one selected victim. The food remains left by these predators are different in terms of the skull gnawing. Nasal bones and eye-sockets on the skull of ibex killed by snow leopard remain undamaged, while wolf gnaws off nasal part of the skull, breaks eye-sockets, eats lower jaw, widens occipital hole and pulls out brains. Snow leopard leaves large pieces of skin around the skeleton of the victim, whereas wolf tears it to shreds or eats up fully. Sometimes parts of the victim left by snow leopard are eaten by wolf. It is easy to mix the remains of snow leopard's or griffon vulture's food. The remains differ in skin being turned inside out rather than torn to large pieces.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of ZIN of the Academy of Science of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 630 Serial 251
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Author (up) Elkin K.F.
Title Predatory mammals in the Eastern Kazakhstan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 34-36
Keywords Kazakhstan; carnivores; snow leopard.; 6530; Russian
Abstract There are 20 predatory mammal species in eastern Kazakhstan, three of which disappeared (tiger, dhole, raccoon), five are endangered (snow leopard, wild cat, manul, marbled polecat, and stone marten). Snow leopard is not met in the South Altai and Tarbagatai each year.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 631 Serial 252
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Author (up) Emanoil, M.
Title Snow leopard: Uncia (panthers) uncia Type Book Chapter
Year 1994 Publication Encyclopedia of Endangered Species Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 205-206
Keywords endangered; endangered species; snow leopard; uncia
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Publisher IUCN, Gale Research Inc. Place of Publication Editor Emanoil, M.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 963 Serial 253
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Author (up) Encke, B.
Title The breeding of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Krefeld Zoo Type Journal Article
Year 1966 Publication Freunde des Kolner Zoo Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue Winter 1966/1967 Pages 145-146
Keywords snow leopard, captivity, Krefeld Zoo, Germany
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Notes Translated by K. Wittmeyer Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1243
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Author (up) Encke, B.
Title Die sucht von schneeleoparden (Uncia uncia) im Krefelder Tierpark Type Miscellaneous
Year 1967 Publication Freunde des Kolner Zoo Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue Winter 1966/1967 Pages 145-146
Keywords snow leopard, captivity, Krefeld Zoo
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Language German Summary Language Original Title
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1244
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Author (up) Epifanov V.M.
Title Fauna Type Miscellaneous
Year 1968 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 29-33
Keywords Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; Chatkal nature reserve; fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 6540; Russian
Abstract There are three fish species, two amphibian species, nine reptile, 97 bird species, and 23 mammal species, including snow leopard, in the Chatkal reserve. A list of animals and their brief description is provided.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The land of pristine environment (Guidebook for the Chatkal nature reserve). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 632 Serial 254
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Author (up) Esipov A.V.
Title Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1995 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 48-49
Keywords Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; number; distribution; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard; 6600; Russian
Abstract There are two isolated snow leopard populations in Uzbekistan, both of which are located along the fringe of the species' distribution. These groups are the Pamir-Alai and the Tien-Shan, of which are united to snow leopard range in neighboring Tadjikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Apart from animals inhabiting the Hissar Nature Reserve, the Pamir-Alai population consists of animals inhabiting the upper portion of the Tupalang River basin and the mountains around Baisuntau. This population is currently estimated at about 30 individuals, from which as many as 10 individuals are reported to be killed or captured annually. However, we suspect the loss rate is more like five to eight individuals, with the entire Pamir-Alai group in Uzbekistan numbering 22 – 25 animals. The Tien-Shan snow leopard sub-population group of Uzbekistan occupies the high-mountain portions of practically all of the large ridges in the area, including Chatkal, Pskem, Ugam and Talass Alatau. The number of snow leopards harvested from this sub-population appears to be five or seven individuals, with the total number placed at 27-32 individuals. The major factors restricting snow leopard numbers in Uzbekistan appears to be poaching of both snow leopard and its large prey species like ibex, as well as disturbance associated with the intensive development of the alpine lands for pasturing livestock. In order to preserve the snow leopard in Uzbekistan it will be necessary to control and eliminate poaching. Additional habitat could be provided by expanding the Chatkal Nature Reserve by adding lands in the Shavassai River basin as well as Akbulak River basin.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 638 Serial 255
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