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| Author | Ikeda, N. | ||||
| Title | Economic impacts of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal Himalaya | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Environmental Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | Pages | 322-330 | |
| Keywords | herder; Kanchenjunga Conservation Area; local resident; park people conflict; wildlife conservation; yak.; snow leopard | ||||
| Abstract | It is necessary to fully understand the economic conditions of local herders in order to find solutions to the conflicts between wildlife conservation and livestock rearing in remote areas of low-income countries. In the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA), Nepal, livestock depredation by snow leopards impacts on yak herders' livelihoods. Retaliatory killings of snow leopard by the herders have been reported and the concerned authorities recently initiated snow leopard conservation programmes. In 2001, interviews with the yak herders who used the pastures in the Ghunsa valley in the preceding year collected data on the incidence of livestock death caused by snow leopards. The annual net cash income of the yak herders was estimated by obtaining baseline values of sales and expenditure per livestock head through field measurement of dairy products and interviews with a sample of herders. As yet, the average annual damage does not appear to have adversely affected fundamental livelihoods in households with an average herd size (36.6 head). However, in the worst scenario of livestock depredation, households with medium or small-sized herds (<40 head) might risk their living conditions becoming unsustainable or having to withdraw from yak pastoralism. A supplementary interview showed that the majority of the herders, except those who took completely neutral attitudes towards the regional conservation and development programme, had negative views of the snow leopard conservation policy. For the snow leopard conservation programme in the KCA to be a success, there must be a system to compensate the herders' households for livestock damage. | ||||
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| Notes | Full article not available on SLN bibliography due to copyright concerns. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 906 | Serial | 402 | ||
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| Author | Inayat, S. | ||||
| Title | Role of Women In Conservation of Snow Leopard In Pakistan | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | snow; leopard; women; womens; conservation; conflict; herders; economic; loss; Pakistan; Female; 4950 | ||||
| Abstract | Generally speaking, men and women are the two wheels of the same vehicle. Women's participation and involvement in the conservation of snow leopards is as indispensable as it is to any other discipline. Unfortunately, their dual role was not exploited and so the involvement of women in nature conservation is considered almost inappropriate and not up to the mark. Mountainous people still live with their centuries old traditions and culture. Although with the passage of time they are leaning towards modernization, still most of them are associated with the centuries-old tradition of keeping livestock. These people take their livestock to the pastures and thus share in the snow leopard's habitat. A large number of livestock grazing in the snow leopard's habitat attracts this opportunistic animal to attack domestic animals. This is the point where the conflict between snow leopards and livestock owners starts, with the snow leopard killed in retaliation. Snow leopard depredation causes economic losses to the herders and women, being the managers of the house, take the maximum impact. Keeping this fact in view, a study was undertaken in the two demonstration sites of the snow leopard project in Chitral and Gilgit. A specific questionnaire was used and information was collected from all the women herders in the two demo sites. The study revealed that women have positive attitudes toward and feel love for this precious animal. |
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Islt | Editor | |
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| Notes | Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 481 | Serial | 404 | ||
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| Author | International Snow Leopard Trust | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard News Spring 2000 | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Snow Leopard News | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Rutherford; Freeman; Morse; Jackson; Hillard; Natural-Partnerships-Program; Pakistan; Islt; Slims; training; Chitrol-Gol; parks; preserves; reserves; protected-areas; surveys; Hemis; Conflict-Resolution-Workshop; conflict; herders; leh; Jammu; Kashmir; Ladakh; corrals; predator; prey; livestock; depradation; human-wildlife-conflict; Uzbekistan; Gissar; Peace-Corps; Mongolia; Macne; fiction; populations; browse; 4390 | ||||
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Seattle, Wa | Editor | |
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| Notes | Full Text at URLTable of Contents1.Transitions at the Trust2.Message From ISLT Founder Helen Freeman and President Charles Morse3.Jakson and Hillard to Leave ISLT for New Pursuits4. News and Notes5. ISLT's Natural Partnerships Program6.Thoughts from a Snow Leopard7. Snow Leopards, Local People,and Livestock losses: Solutions through Paticipation8.U.S. Peace Corps and ISLT Team Up in Mongolia | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 427 | Serial | 930 | ||
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| Author | International Snow Leopard Trust | ||||
| Title | Villagers Release Captured Snow Leopard | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Snow Line | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1 | ||
| Keywords | Jamalabad; Pakistan; herders; livstock; Wwf; Khunjerab livestock; predation; conflict; Islt; browse; 4470 | ||||
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Seattle | Editor | |
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| Notes | Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 435 | Serial | 931 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | SSC Plan for Snow Leopard | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | physiology; status; distribution; description; behavior; reproduction; mating; breeding; vocalization; gestation; biology; habitat; scrapes; sprays; scat; feces; longevity; homerange; home-range; prey; diet; Cites; Iunc; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; protected-areas; movements; activity; livestock; herders; depredation; conflict; trade; poaching; hunting; research; captivity; management; zoos; Slims; surveys; transects; browse; home range; home; range; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 3920; plan; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URL DRAFT – Revised September 22, 1992 by Rodney Jackson | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 201 | Serial | 450 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | Second SLIMS Workshop Held | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | xii | Issue | Pages | ||
| Keywords | Chitral-Gol; Pakistan; Slims; surveys; research; Project-snow-leopard; teqniques; conflict-resolution; training; browse; 4590 | ||||
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Seattle, WA | Editor | |
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| Notes | Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snowline | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 273 | Serial | 453 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | Third Slims Workshop held in Mongolia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | xiii | Issue | Pages | ||
| Keywords | Slims; Mongolia; fieldwork; surveys; Project-snow-leopard; Islt; Macne; McCarthy; hunting; conflict; herders; prey; poaching; predation; gobi; browse; 4570 | ||||
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Seattle | Editor | |
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| Notes | Full text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 445 | Serial | 455 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | People-Wildlife Conflict Management in the Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Tibet's Biodiversity: Conservation and Management.Proceedings of a Conference, August 30-September 4 | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 40-46 | ||
| Keywords | conflict; conflict management; management; Qomolangma; nature; preserve; Tibet; primary; Report; conflicts; damage; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; reserve; protected; endangered; endangered mammals; mammals; biodiversity; conservation | ||||
| Abstract | The primary objective of this paper is to report on people-wildlife conflicts arising from crop damage and livestock depredation in the Qomolangma Reserve, with special reference to the management of protected and endangered mammals. | ||||
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| Publisher | Tibet Forestry Department and World Wide Fund for Nature. China Forestry Publishing House. | Place of Publication | China | Editor | Ning, W.; Miller, D.; Zhu, L.; Springer, J. |
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| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | Tibet's Biodiversity: Conservation and Management. | ||
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| Notes | 188 pages in proceedings. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1013 | Serial | 461 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | Managing people-wildlife conflict in Tibet's Qomolangma National Nature Preserve | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | Qomolangma; livestock; Tibet; predator; predation; prey; protected-areas; parks; reserves; conflict; corrals; pens; depredation; livestock-depredation; browse; livestock depredation; protected; area; areas; protected area; protected areas; 4020 | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URLMay 6, 1999Rodney M. Jackson (Author)Contact and Mailing Address: 18030 Comstock Ave,Sonoma, CA 95476Phone (707) 935-3851; Fax 933-9618; E-mail: rodjackson@mountain.org Author's Title: Senior Program Associate for Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation, The Mountain Institute, Dogwood and Main Streets, Franklin, WV 26807; and Conservation Director, International Snow Leopard Trust, Suite 325, 4649 Sunnyside Ave., North, Seattle, WA 98103 Title: Managing people-wildlife conflict in Tibet's Qomolangma National Nature Preserve Key Words: crop damage, wildlife depredation, conflict resolution, Tibet Subject: Managing conflict in protected areasPresentation Type: Oral paper | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 364 | Serial | 462 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | The Snow Leopard Conservancy, Dedicated to demonstrating innovative, grassroots measures that lead local shepherds to become better stewards of the endangered snow leopard, its prey and habitat | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | livestock-depredation; livestock; herders; conflict; Iucn; enclosures; pens; corrals; trap; poison; hunting; behavior; Ladakh; guard-dogs; Dogs; economics; incentives; compensation; depredation; guard; browse; 4060 | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URL | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 377 | Serial | 465 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R.; Wangchuk, R. | ||||
| Title | A Community-Based Approach to Mitigating Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Human Dimensions of Wildlife | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | Pages | 307-315 | |
| Keywords | snow leopard,depredation,human-wildlife conflict,participatory planning,India; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Himalayan; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; attack; sheep; goats; goat; local; villagers; community-based; conservation; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; India; conflict; pens; income; participatory; strategy; planning; sense; project; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; protection; retaliatory; poaching | ||||
| Abstract | Livestock depredation by the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an increasingly contentious issue in Himalayan villages, especially in or near protected areas. Mass attacks in which as many as 100 sheep and goats are killed in a single incident inevitably result in retaliation by local villagers. This article describes a community-based conservation initiative to address this problem in Hemis National Park, India. Human-wildlife conflict is alleviated by predator-proofing villagers' nighttime livestock pens and by enhancing household incomes in environmentally sensitive and culturally compatible ways. The authors have found that the highly participatory strategy described here (Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action-APPA) leads to a sense of project ownership by local stakeholders, communal empowerment, self-reliance, and willingness to co-exist with snow leopards. The most significant conservation outcome of this process is the protection from retaliatory poaching of up to five snow leopards for every village's livestock pens that are made predator-proof. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 890 | Serial | 471 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R.; Wangchuk, R.; Hillard, D. | ||||
| Title | Grassroots Measures to Protect the Endangered Snow Leopard from Herder Retribution: Lessons Learned from Predator-Proofing Corrals in Ladahh | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | snow; leopard; livestock; depredation; herder; conflict; Ladakh; predator; protection; predation; protected; uncia; 4960 | ||||
| Abstract | Livestock depredation is an increasingly contentious issue across the range of the endangered snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Depredation is most severe in or near protected areas offering core habitat for this cat. “Surplus killing,” in which as many as 100 sheep and goats have been killed in a single night, inevitably results in attempts at retaliatory killing of predators by herders suffering significant loss. Ironically, such predation by snow leopard, wolf, or lynx can be avoided by adequately predator-proofing nighttime enclosures. Predation on the open range is far more difficult to address, but may be reduced to acceptable levels through improved day-time guarding of livestock, educating herders on the importance of protecting the predator's natural prey base, and by providing economic incentives to help offset unavoidable loss. This paper describes community-based initiatives being undertaken in India's Hemis National Park aimed at predator-proofing livestock corrals and encouraging local herders to become more effective stewards of the snow leopard, its prey and habitat. A highly participatory, 4-step process known as Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action (APPA) provides the primary mechanism for assisting communities to develop Action Plans to reduce livestock depredation losses, increase household incomes, and strengthen environmental stewardship. Herders are informed about the Snow Leopard Stewardship program and conditions for a successful outcome. The team, comprised of local people, NGO staff, facilitators and government officials, first identifies the root causes for depredation (Discovery). Under the next phase, Dreaming, participants envision how their village might appear if depredation losses were reduced to acceptable levels, household incomes increased, and snow leopards fully protected. This provides a good basis upon which to collaboratively devise actions for addressing the community's concerns (Design). Delivery involves implementing actions under the overall Action Plan, as well as specific measures that can be acted upon immediately. The community is encouraged to use simple but realistic indicators for monitoring the project's effectiveness. In Lessons Learned to Date, we highlight the importance of providing meaningful community involvement from inception through project implementation and monitoring. The use of APPA greatly increases ownership, communal empowerment and self-reliance, and local people's willingness to protect wildlife. The Snow Leopard Conservancy believes that the most effective conservation actions will be contingent upon (1) establishing direct linkages with biodiversity protection; (2) ensuring reciprocal co-financing and commensurate responsibility from the community; (3) encouraging full participation from all stakeholders irrespective of their gender, age or economic status; and (4) ensuring regular monitoring and evaluation under an agreed-to Action Plan that sets forth the responsibilities, contributions and obligations of each partner. |
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Islt | Editor | |
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| Notes | Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 482 | Serial | 468 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R.; Zongyi, W.; Xuedong, L.; Yun, C. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopards in the Qomolangma Nature Preserve of Tibet Autonomous Region | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 85-95 | ||
| Keywords | Qomolangma; protected-area; parks; preserves; refuge; Nepal; Tibet; China; field-study; blue-sheep; scrapes; sprays; scat; feces; pug-marks; sign; transects; interviews; herders; livestock; predation; predator; traps; trapping; habitat; status; distribution; threats; hunting; pelts; skins; fur; coats; poaching; bones; medicine; Cites; conflict; trade; conservation; management; protected area; protected; area; areas; protected areas; field study; field; study; pug marks; blue; sheep; browse; pug; marks; 3490 | ||||
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Usa | Editor | J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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| Notes | Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 231 | Serial | 452 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R., Ahlborn, G.G. | ||||
| Title | Appendix: Snow leopard managment recommendations provided to HMG in: Himalayan Snow Leopard Project: Final Progress Report, Phase I. Report: 1-7. Himalayan | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-7 | ||
| Keywords | action plan, CCT, conservation, Himalaya, human wildlife conflict, hunting, livestock, local participation, local people, management/protected | ||||
| Abstract | Preliminary recommendations for the management of snow leopard and its prey are provided for the Langu Valley segment of the Shey-Pkoksundo National Park. Park-wide and country-wide conservation options and management recommendations await results of the surveys scheduled for 1987. The following management objectives are formulated: 1) Protection and ultimate restoration of all natural communities within the area 2) Special protection measures for snow leopard and musk deer (strict control of hunting and livestock grazing) 3) Secure natural resources around local villages 4) Respect traditional rights of villagers, while controlling high impact human activities 5) Secure cooperation of local people. These objectives are refined and recommendations for concrete conservation actions are made. Notes: document is a part of the Himalayan Snow Leopard Project: Final Progress Report, Phase I |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1119 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R.M.; Ahlborn, G.; Gurung, M.; Ale, S. | ||||
| Title | Reducing livestock depredation losses in the Nepalese Himalaya | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proc.Vertebr.Pest Conf | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 17 | Issue | Pages | 241-247 | |
| Keywords | damage; damage-by-wildlife; endangered; threatened species; livestock; mammals; management; predator-control; public-relations; wildlife; livestock-relationships; Nepal; asia; herders; conservation; Manang; Khangshar; depredation; conflict; predator; prey; browse; public; threatened; species; control; Relations; 700 | ||||
| Abstract | The authors investigated livestock depredation patterns of snow leopards on the northern slopes of the Himalayans near the villages of Manang and Khangshar, Nepal. Information is discussed on the relationships among livestock loss, endangered species management, public relations/conservation issues, and cooperative efforts among institutions involved in the decision making process. A plan is devised for alleviating livestock loss and protecting endangered species in the area. pcp | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URL: ADDRESS: Mountain Inst., Main & Dogwood St., Franklin, WV 26807//“Proceedings Seventeenth Vertebrate Pest Conference-March 5-7, 1996, Rohnert Park, California”; Timm, Robert M.; Crabb, A. Charles, editorsDocument Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 271 | Serial | 480 | ||
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| Author | Jamtsho, Y., Katel, O. | ||||
| Title | Livestock depredation by snow leopard and Tibetan wolf: Implications for herders� livelihoods in Wangchuck Centennial National Park, Bhutan | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication | Springer Open | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 9:1 | Pages | 1-10 | |
| Keywords | Wildlife-livestock conflicts, Endangered predators, Protected area, Income loss | ||||
| Abstract | Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a serious problem in many parts of the world, and Bhutan�s Wangchuck Centennial National Park (WCNP) is no exception. Located in the remote alpine areas of the eastern Himalaya, wildlife species such as snow leopard (SL) and Tibetan wolf (TW) are reported to kill livestock in many parts of the Park. Such depredation is believed to have affected the livelihoods of high-altitude herding communities, resulting in conflicts between them. This study provides analysis on the extent of livestock depredation by wildlife predators such as SL and TW and examines its implications for the livelihoods of herding communities of Choekhortoe and Dhur regions of WCNP. Using semi-structured questionnaires, all herders (n = 38) in the study area were interviewed. The questions pertained to livestock population, frequency of depredation and income lost due to depredation in the last five years from 2012 to 2016. This study recorded 2,815 livestock heads in the study area, with an average herd size of 74.1 stock. The average herd size holding showed a decreasing trend over the years, and one of the reasons cited by the herders is depredation by SL and TW and other predators. This loss equated to an average annual financial loss equivalent to 10.2% (US$837) of their total per capita cash income. Such losses have resulted in negative impacts on herders� livelihood; e.g. six herders (2012-2016) even stopped rearing livestock and resorted to an alternate source of cash income. The livestock intensification programmes, including pasture improvement through allowing controlled burning, and financial compensation, may be some potential short-term solutions to reduce conflict between herders and predators. Issuing permits for cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) collection only to the herders and instilling the sense of stewardship to highland herders may be one of the long-term solutions. |
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1479 | ||
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| Author | Johansson, O., McCarthy, T., Samelius, G., Andren, H., Tumursukh, L., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard predation in a livestock dominated landscape in Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 184 | Issue | Pages | 251-258 | |
| Keywords | Gobi desert, GPS collar, Kill rate, Panthera uncial, Prey choice, Wildlife conflict | ||||
| Abstract | Livestock predation is an important cause of endangerment of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) across its range. Yet, detailed information on individual and spatio-temporal variation in predation patterns of snow leopards and their kill rates of livestock and wild ungulates are lacking. We collared 19 snow leopards in the Tost Mountains, Mongolia, and searched clusters of GPS positions to identify prey remains and estimate kill rate and prey choice. Snow leopards killed, on average, one ungulate every 8 days, which included more wild prey (73%) than livestock (27%), despite livestock abundance being at least one order of magnitude higher. Predation on herded livestock occurred mainly on stragglers and in rugged areas where animals are out of sight of herders. The two wild ungulates, ibex (Capra ibex) and argali (Ovis ammon), were killed in proportion to their relative abundance. Predation patterns changed with spatial (wild ungulates) and seasonal (livestock) changes in prey abundance. Adult male snow leopards killed larger prey and 2–6 times more livestock compared to females and young males. Kill rates were considerably higher than previous scat-based estimates, and kill rates of females were higher than kill rates of males. We suggest that (i) snow leopards prey largely on wild ungulates and kill livestock opportunistically, (ii) retaliatory killing by livestock herders is likely to cause greater mortality of adult male snow leopards compared to females and young males, and (iii) total off-take of prey by a snow leopard population is likely to be much higher than previous estimates suggest. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1420 | ||
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| Author | Kachel, S., Anderson, K., Shokirov, Q. | ||||
| Title | Predicting carnivore habitat use and livestock depredation risk with false-positive multi-state occupancy models | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2022 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 271 | Issue | 109588 | Pages | 1-10 |
| Keywords | Bayesian hierarchical model,False-positive,Multi-state occupancy,Human-carnivore conflict,Livestock depredation,Snow leopard,Lynx,Wolf,Bear | ||||
| Abstract | The cycle of livestock depredation and retaliatory killing constitutes a major threat to large carnivores worldwide and imposes considerable hardships on human communities. Mitigation efforts are often undertaken with little knowledge of ecological underpinnings and patterns of depredation, limiting conservationists' ability to develop, prioritize, and evaluate solutions. Carnivore detection and depredation data from interviews in affected communities may help address this gap, but such data are often prone to false-positive uncertainty. To address these challenges in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan we collected snow leopard, lynx, wolf, and bear detection and depredation reports from local communities via semi-structured interviews. We used a novel hierarchical multi-species multi-state occupancy model that accounted for potential false-positives to investigate carnivore site use and depredation concurrently with respondents' apparent vulnerability to that risk. Estimated false-positive probabilities were small, but failure to account for them overstated site use probabilities and depredation risk for all species. Although individual vulnerability was low, depredation was nonetheless commonplace. Carnivore site use was driven by clear habitat associations, but we did not identify any clearly important large-scale spatial correlates of depredation risk despite considerable spatial variation in that risk. Respondents who sheltered livestock in household corrals reinforced with wire mesh were less likely to report snow leopard depredations. Reducing depredation and retaliation at adequately large scales in the Pamirs will likely require a portfolio of species-specific strategies, including widespread proactive corral improvements. Our approach expanded inference on the often-cryptic processes surrounding human-carnivore conflict even though structured wildlife data were scarce. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1681 | ||
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| Author | Karki, A., Panthi, S. | ||||
| Title | Factors affecting livestock depredation by snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in the Himalayan region of Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | PeerJ | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | e11575 | Pages | 1-14 |
| Keywords | Conflict,Habitat,Himalaya,Livestockdepredation,Modeling,Snowleopard,Wildlife management | ||||
| Abstract | The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) found in central Asia is classified as vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Every year, large number of livestock are killed by snow leopards in Nepal, leading to economic loss to local communities and making human-snow leopard conflict a major threat to snow leopard conservation. We conducted formal and informal stakeholder’s interviews to gather information related to livestock depredation with the aim to map the attack sites by the snow leopard. These sites were further validated by district forest office staffs to assess sources of bias. Attack sites older than 3 years were removed from the survey. We found 109 attack sites and visited all the sites for geo location purpose (GPS points of all unique sites were taken). We maintained at least a 100 m distance between attack locations to ensure that each attack location was unique, which resulted in 86 unique locations. A total of 235 km2 was used to define livestock depredation risk zone during this study. Using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modeling, we found that distance to livestock sheds, distance to paths, aspect, and distance to roads were major contributing factors to the snow leopard’s attacks. We identified 13.64 km2 as risk zone for livestock depredation from snow leopards in the study area. Furthermore, snow leopards preferred to attack livestock near livestock shelters, far from human paths and at moderate distance from motor roads. These identified attack zones should be managed both for snow leopard conservation and livestock protection in order to balance human livelihoods while protecting snow leopards and their habitats. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1640 | |||
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| Author | Khanal, G., Mishra, C., Suryawanshi, K. R. | ||||
| Title | Relative influence of wild prey and livestock abundance on carnivore-caused livestock predation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Ecology and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-11 | ||
| Keywords | conservation conflict, human carnivore conflict, large mammalian carnivore, livestock depredation, Nepal, Shey Phoksundo National Park, snow leopard | ||||
| Abstract | Conservation conflict over livestock depredation is one of the key drivers of large mammalian carnivore declines worldwide. Mitigating this conflict requires strategies informed by reliable knowledge of factors influencing livestock depredation. Wild prey and livestock abundance are critical factors influencing the extent of livestock depredation. We compared whether the extent of livestock predation by snow leopards Panthera uncia differed in relation to densities of wild prey, livestock, and snow leopards at two sites in Shey Phoksundo National Park, Nepal. We used camera trap-based spatially explicit capture–recapture models to estimate snow leopard density; double-observer surveys to estimate the density of their main prey species, the blue sheep Pseudois nayaur; and interview-based household surveys to estimate livestock population and number of livestock killed by snow leopards. The proportion of livestock lost per household was seven times higher in Upper Dolpa, the site which had higher snow leopard density (2.51 snow leopards per 100 km2) and higher livestock density (17.21 livestock per km2) compared to Lower Dolpa (1.21 snow leopards per 100 km2; 4.5 livestock per km2). The wild prey density was similar across the two sites (1.81 and 1.57 animals per km2 in Upper and Lower Dolpa, respectively). Our results suggest that livestock depredation level may largely be determined by the abundances of the snow leopards and livestock and predation levels on livestock can vary even at similar levels of wild prey density. In large parts of the snow leopard range, livestock production is indispensable to local livelihoods and livestock population is expected to increase to meet the demand of cashmere. Hence, we recommend that any efforts to increase livestock populations or conservation initiatives aimed at recovering or increasing snow leopard population be accompanied by better herding practices (e.g., predator-proof corrals) to protect livestock from snow leopard. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1611 | |||
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| Author | Li, J., Yin, H., Wang, D., Jiagong, Z., Lu, Zhi | ||||
| Title | Human-snow leopard conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Biological Conservs | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 166 | Pages | 118-123 | |
| Keywords | Panthera uncia, Human-wildlife conflict, Traditional use, Livestock depredation, Economic value, Cultural image, Attitude | ||||
| Abstract | Conflicts between humans and snow leopards are documented across much of their overlapping distribution in Central Asia. These conflicts manifest themselves primarily in the form of livestock depredation and the killing of snow leopards by local herders. This source of mortality to snow leopards is a key conservation concern. To investigate human-snow leopard conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau, we conducted household interviews about local herders’ traditional use of snow leopard parts, livestock depredation, and overall attitudes towards snow leopards. We found most respondents (58%) knew that snow leopard parts had been used for traditional customs in the past, but they claimed not in the past two or three decades. It may be partly due to the issuing of the Protection of Wildlife Law in 1998 by the People’s Republic of China. Total livestock losses were damaging (US$ 6193 per household in the past 1 year), however snow leopards were blamed by herders for only a small proportion of those losses (10%), as compared to wolves (45%) and disease (42%). Correspondingly, the cultural images of snow leopards were neutral (78%) and positive (9%) on the whole. It seems that human-snow leopard conflict is not intense in this area. However, snow leopards could be implicated by the retaliatory killing of wolves. We recommend a multi-pronged conservation program that includes compensation, insurance programs, and training local veterinarians to reduce livestock losses. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1399 | ||
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| Author | Lu, Q., Xiao, L., Cheng, C., Lu, Z., Zhao, J., Yao, M. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Dietary Preferences and Livestock Predation Revealed by Fecal DNA Metabarcoding: No Evidence for Apparent Competition Between Wild and Domestic Prey | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 783546 | Pages | 1 - 14 |
| Keywords | apparent mutualism, blue sheep, feeding habits, molecular dietary analysis, human-carnivore conflict, prey selection, Sanjiangyuan | ||||
| Abstract | Accurate assessments of the patterns and drivers of livestock depredation by wild carnivores are vital for designing effective mitigation strategies to reduce human-wildlife conflict. Snow leopard’s (Panthera uncia) range extensively overlaps pastoralist land- use and livestock predation there is widely reported, but the ecological determinants of livestock consumption by snow leopards remain obscure. We investigated snow leopard dietary habits at seven sites across the Sanjiangyuan region of the Qinghai– Tibetan Plateau (QTP), an area central to the species’ global range. Snow leopard abundance, wild prey composition, and livestock density varied among those sites, thus allowing us to test the effects of various factors on snow leopard diet and livestock predation. Using DNA metabarcoding, we obtained highly resolved dietary data from 351 genetically verified snow leopard fecal samples. We then analyzed the prey preferences of snow leopards and examined ecological factors related to their livestock consumption. Across the sites, snow leopard prey was composed mainly of wild ungulates (mean = 81.5% of dietary sequences), particularly bharal (Pseudois nayaur), and supplemented with livestock (7.62%) and smaller mammals (marmots, pikas, mice; 10.7%). Snow leopards showed a strong preference for bharal, relative to livestock, based on their densities. Interestingly, both proportional and total livestock consumption by snow leopards increased linearly with local livestock biomass, but not with livestock density. That, together with a slight negative relationship with bharal density, supports apparent facilitation between wild and domestic prey. We also found a significant positive correlation between population densities of snow leopard and bharal, yet those densities showed slight negative relationships with livestock density. Our results highlight the importance of sufficient wild ungulate abundance to the conservation of viable snow leopard populations. Additionally, livestock protection is critically needed to reduce losses to snow leopard depredation, especially where local livestock abundances are high. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1675 | ||
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| Author | Maheshwari, A., Midha, N.,Chehrukupalli, A. | ||||
| Title | Participatory Rural Appraisal and Compensation Intervention: Challenges and Protocols While Managing Large Carnivore–Human Conflict | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Human Dimensions of Wildlife: An International Journal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 19 | Issue | Pages | 62-71 | |
| Keywords | PRA, large carnivores–human conflict, compensation, livestock depredation, data collection protocols | ||||
| Abstract | When large carnivores cause socioeconomic losses in a community, conflict increases, retaliatory killing of the carnivore can occur, and conservation efforts are undermined. We focused on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and economic compensation schemes as approaches for managing conflict. PRA is a tool for collecting data on the large carnivore–human conflict and economic compensation schemes for those affected negatively by carnivore presence. We reviewed published papers and reports on large carnivore–human conflicts, PRA, and compensation schemes. This article details insights into common pitfalls, key lessons learned, possible solutions including new approaches for compensation and protocols to be followed while managing large carnivore–human conflict. We hope to contribute to a meaningful dialogue between locals, managers, and researchers and help in effective implementation of conservation programs to mitigate large carnivore–human conflict around the protected areas. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1404 | ||
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| Author | Maheshwari, A. , Sathyakumar, S. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard stewardship in mitigating human-wildlife conflict in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication | Human Dimensions of Wildlife | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-5 | ||
| Keywords | Snow leopard; human-wildlife conflict; ecotourism; livelihood; India | ||||
| Abstract | Among large predators, snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and co-predators (e.g., wolves Canis lupus, lynx Lynx lynx) often cause economic losses, engendering animosity from local communities in the mountain ecosystem across south and central Asia (Din et al., 2017; Jackson & Lama, 2016; Maheshwari, Takpa, Kujur, & Shawl, 2010; Schaller, 2012). These economic losses range from around US $50 to nearly $300 per household, a significant sum given per capita annual incomes of $250 – $400 (Jackson & Wangchuk, 2004; Mishra, 1997). Recent efforts such as improved livestock husbandry practices (predator-proof livestock corrals – closed night shelters with covered roof with wiremesh and a closely fitting iron or wooden door that can be securely locked at night) and community-based ecotourism (e.g., home stays, guides, porters, pack animals, campsites) are providing alternative livelihood opportunities and mitigating large carnivores – human conflict in the snow leopard habitats (Hanson, Schutgens, & Baral, 2018; Jackson, 2015; Jackson & Lama, 2016; Vannelli, Hampton, Namgail, & Black, 2019). Snow leopard-based ecotourism provides an opportunity to secure livelihoods and reduce poverty of the communities living in ecotourism sites across Ladakh (Chandola, 2012; Jackson, 2015). To understand the role of snow leopard-based ecotourism in uplifting the financial profile of local communities, mitigating large carnivore – human conflict and eventually changing attitudes towards large carnivores in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, we compared the estimated financial gains of a snow leopard-based ecotourism to stated livestock predation losses by snow leopards and wolves. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1484 | ||
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| Author | Maheshwari, A., Sharma, D., Sathyakumar, S. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard (Panthera Uncia) surveys in the Western Himalayas, India | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Journal of Ecology and Natural Environmnet | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 303-309 |
| Keywords | Conflict, Himalayas, livestock depredation, prey, snow leopard, habitat, Uttarakhand. | ||||
| Abstract | We conducted surveys above 3000 m elevation in eight protected areas of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. These surveys provide new information on snow leopard in Uttarakhand on the basis of indirect evidence such as pugmark and scat. Snow leopard evidence (n = 13) were found between 3190 and 4115 m elevation. On an average, scats (n = 09) of snow leopard were found for every 56 km walked and pugmarks (n = 04) for every 126 km walked. Altogether, about 39% of the evidence were found on the hill-slope followed by valley floor (30%), cliff (15%) and 8% from both stream bed and scree slope. Genetic analysis of the scats identified three different individuals by using snow leopard specific primers. Snow leopard-human conflicts were assessed through questionnaire based interviews of shepherds from Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, Askot Wildlife Sanctuary and Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve areas of Uttarakhand. Surveys revealed that livestock depredation (mule, goat and sheep) is the only cause of snow leopard-human conflicts and contributed 36% of the diet of snow leopard. Blue sheep and rodents together comprised 36.4% of the total diet. We found that 68.1% of the surveyed area was used for pastoral activities in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh and 12.3% area was under tourism, defence and developmental activities. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1401 | ||
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