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Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N. |
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Title |
Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment |
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Year |
1998 |
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Adv.Etho |
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33 |
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43 |
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abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management |
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Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management. |
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WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). |
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SLN @ rana @ 349 |
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897 |
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Author |
Sitnikov, P. |
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Title |
The Death of a Snow Leopard |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1988 |
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7-8 |
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siberia; Ussr; Irkutsk; behavior; interaction; human-interaction; 4150 |
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Helsinki, Finland |
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L.Blomqvist |
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Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: International Pedigree Book of Snow LeopardsDate of Copyright: 1988 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 401 |
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895 |
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Author |
Shuren, X. |
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Title |
An introduction to feeding and management of snow leopard in Xining Zoo, China |
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1994 |
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177-182 |
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China; zoos; zoo; captivity; management; diet; behavior; trapping; hunting; breeding; mating; reproduction; browse; 3740 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 266 |
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893 |
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Seidensticker, J.; Lumpkin, S. |
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Title |
The adaptable leopard; unfortunately it's no match for modern man |
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1996 |
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Wildlife Conservation |
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99 |
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3 |
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52 |
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predator; prey; poaching; hunting; behavior; feeding; conflict; habitat; browse; 1130 |
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Abstract: Leopards' adaptability has become the species' vulnerability. The animals do not hesitate to eat rotting flesh and will come back repeatedly to their meal, if disturbed. People have taken advantage of this by lacing carcasses with poison. Leopards are moderate in size compared to other cats, are stealthy and can live in areas as diverse as rain forests and deserts. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 291 |
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876 |
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Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Lewis, C.R. |
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Title |
Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone and frequency of sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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J Reprod Fertil |
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98 |
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1 |
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91-95 |
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Animal; Animals; zoo; physiology; Carnivora; Estradiol; Blood; estrus; Female; Progesterone; Seasons; Sex; behavior; Support; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; us; government; gov't; 490 |
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Serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals for six months, and correlated with daily behavioural observations in two adult female snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Three oestradiol peaks (> 21 pg ml-1; interval 3.6 weeks) were identified in a snow leopardess housed alone (two more were probably missed because of the weekly sampling schedule), and three oestradiol peaks were identified in a snow leopardess housed with a male as a breeding pair (interval 6 weeks). Daily frequencies of feline reproductive behaviour averaged 1.77 observations per observation period during weeks of high oestradiol and 0.62 during weeks of low oestradiol. Progesterone concentrations did not rise above baseline values (< 2 ng ml-1) in the isolated animal, but 6 weeks of high progesterone concentrations (4.9- 38.8 ng ml-1) was recorded in the paired snow leopardess following mating. No offspring were produced. Snow leopards were observed daily for an additional 4.5 years. Sexual behaviour peaks could be clearly identified from December through April, and average daily sexual behaviour scores were higher during these months than during the rest of the year. Intervals between sexual behaviour peaks for the isolated snow leopardess averaged 3.03 weeks. The sexual behaviour of the paired snow leopards decreased for 8-9 weeks following mating when no offspring were produced, and decreased for 13 weeks in one year when a single cub was born. |
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0022-4251 |
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Document Type: eng |
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SLN @ rana @ 204 |
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874 |
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Author |
Schaller, G.B. |
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Title |
Stones of Silence: Journeys in the Himalaya |
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1980 |
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Himalaya; Pakistan; behavior; browse; 2260 |
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Anecdotal description of wildlife field studies in the Himalaya, including information on snow leopard natural history and an encounter with snow leopards in Pakistan. |
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Viking Press |
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New York |
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SLN @ rana @ 63 |
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865 |
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Schaller, G.B. |
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Title |
Mountain Monarchs: Wild Sheep and Goats of the Himalaya (Wildlife Behavior & Ecology) |
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1977 |
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146-159 |
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sheep; goats; Pakistan; Nepal; marking; spraying; scrapes; sprays; behavior; predator; prey; browse; 2250; mountain; wild; wild sheep; goat; Himalaya; wildlife; ecology |
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Describes snow leopard status and field observations from studies in Pakistan and Nepal. Review provides some data on snow leopard marking behavior, social relations, food habits and predator behavior. |
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University of Chicago Press |
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Chicago |
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SLN @ rana @ 39 |
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864 |
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Schaller, G.B. |
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Title |
On meeting a Snow Leopard |
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1972 |
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Animal Kingdom |
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75 |
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1 |
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7-13 |
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Pakistan; ecology; conservation; distribution; livestock; goat; baiting; reserves; reserve; park; parks; refuge; behavior; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; 2220 |
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Discusses snow leopard distribution, ecology and conservation. Describes baiting (with a domestic goat) of a snow leopard and cub in a game reserve in Northern Pakistan. Incudes a description of the Leopard killing a goat, and observations over a week when the leopards were feeding on the goat baits. |
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SLN @ rana @ 23 |
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861 |
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Chundawat, R.S. |
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Habitat Selection by a Snow Leopard in Hemis National Park, India |
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1990 |
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85-92 |
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habitat; Hemis; India; environemnt; behavior; homerange; home; range; movement; activity; kills; collars; browse; 4160 |
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Leif Blomqvist and Helesinki Zoo |
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Helsinki, Findland |
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L.Blomqvist |
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Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: International Pedigree Book of Snow LeopardsPlace of Meeting: Alma-Ata, KazakstanDate of Copyright: 1990Series Volume ID: 6 |
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SLN @ rana @ 211 |
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222 |
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Author |
Freeman, H. |
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Title |
Characteristics of the social behavior in the snow leopard |
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1982 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
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3 |
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117-120 |
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behavior; International; pedigree; snow leopard; social; social-behavior |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1029 |
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318 |
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