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Kinoshita, K., Inada, S., Seki, K., Sasaki, A., Hama, N., Kusunoki, H. |
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Title |
Long-Term Monitoring of Fecal Steroid Hormones in Female Snow Leopards (Panthera uncia) during Pregnancy or Pseudopregnancy |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
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PLoS ONE |
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6 |
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5 |
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e19314. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019314 |
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Knowledge of the basic reproductive physiology of snow leopards is required urgently in order to develop a suitable management conditions under captivity. In this study, the long-term monitoring of concentrations of three steroid hormones in fecal matter of three female snow leopards was performed using enzyme immunoassays: (1) estradiol-17β, (2) progesterone and (3) cortisol metabolite. Two of the female animals were housed with a male during the winter breeding season, and copulated around the day the estradiol-17β metabolite peaked subsequently becoming pregnant. The other female was treated in two different ways: (1) first housed with a male in all year round and then (2) in the winter season only. She did not mate with him on the first occasion, but did so latter around when estradiol-17β metabolite peaked, and became pseudopregnant. During pregnancy, progesterone metabolite concentrations increased for 92 or 94 days, with this period being approximately twice as long as in the pseudopregnant case (31, 42, 49 and 53 days). The levels of cortisol metabolite in the pseudopregnant female (1.35 µg/g) were significantly higher than in the pregnant females (0.33 and 0.24 µg/g) (P<0.05). Similarly, during the breeding season, the levels of estradiol-17β metabolite in the pseudopregnant female (2.18 µg/g) were significantly higher than those in the pregnant females (0.81 and 0.85 µg/g) (P<0.05). Unlike cortisol the average levels of estradiol-17β during the breeding season were independent of reproductive success.
The hormone levels may also be related to housing conditions and the resulting reproductive success in female leopards. The female housed with a male during the non-breeding season had high levels of cortisol metabolites and low levels of estradiol-17β in the breeding season, and failed to become pregnant. This indicates that housing conditions in snow leopards may be an important factor for normal endocrine secretion and resulting breeding success. |
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Texas A & M University |
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United States of America |
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Sharon Gursky-Doyen |
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English |
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PLoS ONE 6(5): e19314. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019314 |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1317 |
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Devendra, T. & Chalise, M. |
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Title |
Population and habitat of Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in Langtang Himalaya, Langtang National Park (LNP), Nepal |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Special issue on the occasion of 15th Wildlife Week |
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2067 |
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37-46 |
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Himalayan Thar, census, habitat characters, use |
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A survey of Himalayan Thar was carried out in Langtang valley in response to the lacking of scientific information of its population status and distribution in the area. The study was carried out from Ghodatabela to Langsisa Kharka during April to June of 2003/04/2005. The area was divided into 5 survey blocks measuring 5sqkm each and study was conducted through blocks. Observed herds and individual animals were repeatedly counted and recorded. A total of 218 individuals of different age and sex Himalayan Thar were recorded during the study in 8 different herds. Three types of herds were recognized; Adult male-adult female-young (37.5%), Adult female-young (37.5%) and All adult-male (25%). Survey revealed that 50% of Thar herds were observed in 4200-4900m (Fourth block) and least (12%) were in 3700-4000m (First block), animals were not located in 3850-4200m (Third, Fifth block). Stratified random sampling was done to analyze the vegetation in their habitat and identified 26 potential plant species. The encroachment of their habitat is severe by the excessive livestock grazing and utilization for cowshed. Noticeable disturbance felt due to frequent poaching and tourist flow. The conservation of this species seems vital as it is prime prey species of Snow leopard in LNP. |
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Dept. of National Parks & Wildlife Cons. /Govt. of Nepal |
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1318 |
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Khatiwada, J.R. & Chalise, M.K. |
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Title |
Status of snow leopard and conflict perception in Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Nepalese Journal of Zoology |
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1 |
Issue |
1 |
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1-8 |
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Uncia uncia, Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, livestock depredation, blue sheep |
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Kangchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) is situated in the Taplejung district at the north-eastern region of Nepal. Livestock keeping is the main activity of people for making a living amidst a conflict with snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Each year snow leopard kills a number of livestock resulting significant economic losses for the poor people living in this remote area. Unless the people – snow leopard conflicts is well understood and appropriate conflict management activities are implemented, the long run co-existence between people and snow leopard –especially the existence of snow leopard in this part of the world–will be in question. This has now become an utmost important as the aspiration of the people for economic development has risen significantly and the area has been open to tourism. Study was done by counting snow leopard signs walking systematically in total 18 snow leopard sign transects covering 18.01 km in length in three sites, i.e. Lonak, Khambachen and Dudhpokhari of the Conservation Area. The average sign density was 12.63/km. The livestock depredation by snow leopard for one year (2005-06) was studied by interviewing the herders to understand the responsible and specific bio-physical and economic factors. The study revealed that sub-adult yaks were mostly hunted by snow leopard. Cattle's' winter (December-April) pastures are most vulnerable sites for predation. Presence of bushes, forest and boulders and rugged mountain crevices make good hides for snow leopard. The study also showed that a lax animal guarding system was significantly responsible for high livestock depredation by snow leopard. Blue sheep was observed by walking in selected trails and from vantage points. A total of 354 individual sheep of different age and sex of 14 different herds were recorded during the study period. The study showed that improvement in livestock guarding system should be adopted as the most important activity. However despite the importance of livestock in the KCA it is still not well understood why the herders neglect for proper livestock guarding. Proper guarding system required in winter pastures to reduce the depredation pressure. |
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September |
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1319 |
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Author |
Chalise, M.K. |
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Title |
Wild Fauna around the Himalayan Wetlands |
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Book Chapter |
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2008 |
Publication |
Water Tower of Asia: Experiences in Wetland Conservation in Nepal |
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104-108 |
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The Himalayan mountain range extends in a broad arc from Pakistan through India, Nepal, Bhutan and China. With elevations ranging from approximately 300 meters in the plains at the base of the mountains to the peaks well over 8,000 meters (Mt Everest 8,848 m). The Himalaya is the tallest and most complex of the world mountain regions (Striffler, 1985). The Himalaya can be divided into three physiographic zones. These includes the lower foothills usually describe as sub-Himalaya and represented by the Siwalik Hills which extend along most of the Himalaya with elevation seldom exceeding 1000 m. The second zone is the middle Himalaya also called Outer Himalaya or the lesser Himalaya with elevation ranges from 600 meters to over 3000 m. Interspersed within the middle zone are occasional larger to small valleys and river basins. The third zone is the great Himalaya or Inner Himalaya zone that covers higher mountain areas, the snow clad peaks and trans-Himalayan harsh climatic dry areas (HMG Nepal, 1977; Kaith, 1960). The glaciers and natural springs have drained the whole area and created a vast area as wetlands supplemented by different lake system in different elevations. |
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Changwon, Ramsar Environmental Foundation |
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South Korea |
Editor |
Bhandari B.B., Seungh, O. S. & Sung-Hoon, W. |
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English |
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Bhandari B.B., Seungh, O. S. and Sung-Hoon W (eds) Water Tower of Asia: Experiences in Wetland Conservation in Nepal. Changwon, Ramsar Environmental Foundation, South Korea. |
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1320 |
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Khatiwada, J.R. & Chalise, M.K. |
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Title |
Important fauna of Himalaya around Wetland |
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Book Chapter |
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2007 |
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Himalayan Wetlands: Risk, Challenges and Opportunities |
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52-58 |
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Wetlands are classified according to landscape where they are found. For
example they are high altitude wetlands, mountain wetlands. When said high
altitude wetlands, they are lakes, ponds, rivers, glaciers, glacial lakes,
meadows, etc. in high altitude areas. Bhandari (2005) has defined “High
Altitude Wetlands are those types of wetlands which are found above the
elevation of 3,000 masl”. They are generally above the tree line. |
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Changwon, Ramsar Wetlands Center |
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South Korea |
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Bhandari B.B. & Gea J.J. |
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p. 52-58. Bhandari B.B. & Gea J.J. (Eds.). Himalayan Wetlands: Risk, Challenges and Opportunities. Changwon, Ramsar Wetlands Center, South Korea. |
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1321 |
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Author |
Pandey, M. |
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Title |
Status, habitat utilization, threats and conservation of musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster HODGSON 1839) in Lantang National Park, Central Nepal |
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Manuscript |
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2006 |
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1-89 |
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“Status, habitat utilization, threats and Conservation of musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster Hodgson 1839) in Langtang National Park, Central Nepal” was carried out in Musk Deer Conservation Area of LNP.
The study was conducted spending more than 516 hours (16th February 2005 to 4th October 2005). The study applied the indirect method identifying 5 different blocks in the habitat for the status and habitat utilization of musk deer in LNP. It mainly deals with types of fecal deposits, distribution of those deposits in different topography and forests. The study also deals with other related evidences found in the study area.
Questionnaire survey provides the additional information regarding its threats and conservation. Forty-five different fecal deposits were found and 3 musk deer were sighted. Block B was found to be the appropriate habitat for musk deer. 68.8 percent of fecal deposits were recorded in Block B. Different types of fecal deposits found in Block B were very fresh and fresh (22.5%), old (38.7%) and very old (16.3%).
Thirty-three species of plants were recorded from the quadrates plotted in the study area. Among them Betula utilis was found the most dominant species . High percentage of fresh droppings were also recorded in Betula forest and maximum old deposits were recorded in mixed forest.
Animal trail was found preferred by musk deer. Forty percent of observed droppings were found on animal trail. Similarly, 8.88 percent of Relic sites were found in animal trail. High number of bedding sites were recorded in Betula and mixed
forest.
Questionnaire survey revealed that musk deer in Langtang National Park is in declining state. Seventy percent of the respondents agree about the poaching activity of musk deer in their area. Apart from this, tourists, local people and livestock are the major threats to musk deer in Langtang. High degree of habitat deterioration, livestock grazing, illegal hunting and predator such as Snow Leopard are the major threats in that area. Therefore, these issues have to be addressed for a long term survival of the endangered musk deer species in Langtang National Park. |
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Master's thesis |
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Kathmandu, Nepal |
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English |
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Central Department of Zoology-Ecology Program, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal |
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1322 |
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Author |
Tiwari, D. |
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Title |
Status, habitat utilization and conservation of Himalayan Tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus (H. SMITH, 1826) in Lantang National Park, Central Nepal |
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Manuscript |
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2006 |
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1-77 |
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This study was carried out in the Langtang National park which is situated in the Northern Part of Central Nepal. The research work on "Status, Habitat utilization and conservation of Himalayan Tahr in Langtang National Park was conducted during February to October of 2005. Altogether 468.55 hours and of 80 days with aimed to estimate the population status and Habitat utilization of Himalayan Tahr and to
recommend for appropriate management.
The study was carried out from Ghodatabela to Langsisa Kharka. The study area was divided into 5 survey blocks occupying a total of 25 sq. km. The fixed point count from ridge line vantage points were conducted for the Hamalayan Tahr count. Observed herds and individual were repeatedly counted and recorded. Local herders and key residents were interviewed. A total of 218 individuals of different age and sex Himalayan Tahr were recorded during the study in 8 different herds. Three types of herds were recognized: Adult male – adult female – young (37.5%), Adult female – young (37.5%)and adult male (25%). Survey revealed that 50 percent of Tahr herds were observed in 4200m – 4900m and least (12%) were in 3700-4000m. Animals were not located in 3850m – 4200m. Stratified random sampling was done to analyze the vegetation in their habitat and identified 47 potential plant species.
The encroachment of their habitat is severe by the excessive livestock grazing and utilization for cowshed. Noticeable disturbance felt due to frequent poaching and tourist flow. The conservation of this species seems to be vital as it is prime prey species of snow Leopard in Langtang National Park. |
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Master's thesis |
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Kathmandu, Nepal |
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English |
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Central Department of Zoology, Ecology Program, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal |
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1323 |
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Adhikari, J.N. |
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Title |
Ecological Study of the Snow leopard Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1778) in Langtang National Park, Nepal |
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2004 |
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1-53 |
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Nepal is a country of great natural beauty and of a rich cultural heritage. Nepal has always been a source of great attraction for her beautiful gifts mountains, landscapes, lakes, waterfalls, hillsides and green villages serrated in the form of an endless series of terraces. The entire northern border has silvery peaks of Himalayas and the country is the home of perpetual snow (Majupuria and Majupuria 1999) while southern flank is green mountains of Mahabharata with different size valleys and river duns. Even further south lays fragile lower mountains of Churiya and a little Bhavar and Tarai flat land adjoining to India.
Nepal, a country having peculiar diverse fauna and flora lies between China on the north and India on the east, west and south. It stands on latitude 26°22' to 30°27' N north and its longitude is between 80°4' to 88°12'E east. Its altitude varies from 60 – 220 m in the south rising to north up to world highest peak of Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) 8848 m. Nepal covers of 141,577 sq km land mass with a mean breadth of 200 km provides an opportunity of diverse climate zones from subtropical to nival with sharp microclimatic condition due to its topography. Within this small area, the country has all possible landform features of the earth except the volcanic and coral islands and marine (Sharma 1999). The country experience difference in climate, wild flora and fauna as variation bestowed to physiographic condition.
Nepal lies at the transition between the Palearctic and Indo-Malayan biogeographical realms that contributed a large biological diversity in the country. More than 144 species of spiders, 5052 species of insects, 635 species of butterflies, 2,253 species of moths are on the record. The vertebrates fauna also in diverse form; 184 species of fishes (31 families and 11 orders); 43 species of amphibians (one salamander, four toads and 38 frogs Species); 100 species of reptiles (24 lizards, 4 turtle, two crocodiles and 60 snakes species); 861 species of birds (18 orders); 181 species of mammals (12 orders and 39 families) (BPP 1995 (h), Chaudhary 1998, Majupuria and Majupuria 1998, Shrestha 2003).
There are 16 protected areas in Nepal and among them 3 conservation areas and 5 National Parks lies on northern mountainous zone. Langtang National Park (LNP) is in the central Himalayan region of Nepal, 132 km north of the capital, Kathmandu, bordering, in the northeast, Tibet autonomous region of China. Langtang Lirung (7,245m) is the highest point in the park while lowest elevations drop to about 1,000m on the banks of the BhoteKoshi-Trisuli River. LNP is the second largest mountain National Park of Nepal, which covers 1710 km2 in three districts: Rasuwa, Nuwakot and Sindhupalchowk of Bagmati zone in Nepal. LNP recorded 46 species of mammals including those typical of the area, such as pika, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan Thar, leopard, ghoral, serow, snow leopard, clouded leopard, musk deer and three species of monkeys; Rhesus monkeys, hanuman langur and Assamese monkeys (Chalise 2003). Besides above, 345 species of Birds, 11 species of Herpetofauna, 30 species of fishes, 58 species of butterflies and 10 species of spiders are also recorded (BPP 1995, Khatiwada 2002). My study is focused on one of rarest and protected mountain species, the Snow Leopard. |
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Master's thesis |
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Kathmandu, Nepal |
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Central Department of Zoology, Ecology Program, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal |
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1324 |
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Sharma, K., McCarthy, T. |
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Title |
Counting cats: toward a framework for evaluating snow leopard (Panthera uncia) conservation efforts |
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Miscellaneous |
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2011 |
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Poster |
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March |
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Poster presented at Zoos and Aquariums Committing to Conservation Conference, Seattle, WA March 2011 |
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1325 |
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Author |
Khatiwada, J. |
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Title |
The status of Snow Leopard (Uncia Uncia Schreber 1778) and its conflict perception in Langtang National Park. |
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2004 |
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1-69 |
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Study Objectives The prime objective of the study was to collect basic ecological information on Snow Leopard and their prey species in Langtang National Park. The specific objectives of the study were :
1) To explore the status and distribution of Snow Leopard in the area.
2) To show the prey and predator relationship.
3) To find the extent and actual loss of livestock due to depredation by Snow Leopard. |
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Master's thesis |
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Kathmandu, Nepal |
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M.Sc. Thesis, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal |
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1326 |
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