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Yanushevich A.I. (1972). Mammals of Kyrgyzstan.
Abstract: A description of snow leopard, its taxonomy, distribution, habitat, number, behavior, food, reproduction, parasites, infections, and practical importance is given. In Kyrgyzstan, irbis was found in the Chatkal, Kyrgyz, Talas ridges, and Terskei Alatoo. An official annual snow leopard hunting rate ranged from 10 (1955) to 54 skins (in 1936) in 1930-s through 1950-s. 17 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export only in 1965-1966. Its skin has no special value and is used by local people for decoration of dwellings and making collars.
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Yanfa, L. (1994). Snow leopard distribution, purchase locations and conservation in Qinghai Province, China. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 65–72). Usa: Islt.
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Voronov A.G. (1985). Predatory mammals.
Abstract: Predatory mammal in mountains are submitted by widely widespread species, such, as wolves, to a lynx and bears, and characteristic species for the high mountains, well adapted to mountain conditions and not going down below Alpine zone (a snow leopard, or irbis, occupying mountains of the Central Asia, etc.).
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Villarrubia, C., & Jackson, R. (1994). Snow Leopard Conservation on a Regional Basis: Elements in Planning Protected Areas. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 253–263). Usa: Islt.
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Uchitelskaya gazeta. (1984). Return of snow leopard. January 3 1984.
Abstract: 10 snow leopards have settled in western extremities of the Hissar ridge. Almost 25 years ago, disturbed by anthropogenic activity, this rarest fauna representative abandoned the area being threatened. In a habitat usual for this species have now been created the Kyzylsu and Miraki nature reserves and the species is now rendering the highlands inhabitable again. Wild boar, Turkestan lynx, long-tailed marmot, snow leopard and black vulture, a total of 200 animal and bird species, can be found now in this area.
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Tsherbakov B.V. (1982). About rare and endangered mammal species in the East Kazakhstan region.
Abstract: Given is data concerning numbers and distribution of yellow lemming on the Korjun cape and in the Karakas tract; dhole in the tundra zoneof the Azu-Tau ridge (South Alati) between Matabay and Urunkhaikoy, in the Salkanchok mountains; concering an encounter with snow leopard (March 25, 1981) in the upper river Bukhtarma near eastern extremity of the South Altai ridge, and argali in the mountain group Kalby-Baicha, the Taldy, Koktau, Monraka mountains (an area between Kusty and Kizil-Gain), near summit Shorbas.
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Taber, R. D. (1988). Toward a Free-Living Snow Leopard Recovery Plan. In H.Freeman (Ed.), (261). Usa: ISLT and Wildlife Institute of India.
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Koshkarev, E., & Vyrypaev, V. (2000). The snow leopard after the break-up of the Soviet Union. Cat News, 32, 9–11.
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Sukhbat, K., & Munkhtsog, B. (1997). Density and Distribution of Ibex and Argali Sheep in Mongolia. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 121–123). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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International Snow Leopard Trust. (2001). Snow Leopard News Fall 2001. Seattle, WA: Islt.
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International Snow Leopard Trust. (1999). Snow Leopard News Spring 1999. Seattle, WA: Islt.
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Sokolov V.E. (1979). Snow leopard genus.
Abstract: Genus Uncia has only one species snow leopard. Described is the length of body, length of tail, body weight, colour, skull, number of teeth, habitat, reproduction, and life expectancy. This species has no essential practical value and is included in the Red Data Book as an endangered species.
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Shuren, X. (1994). An introduction to feeding and management of snow leopard in Xining Zoo, China. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 177–182). Usa: Islt.
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Shnitnikov V.N. (1934). Rocks and taluses. Alpine meadows. Economic value of local animals (Vol. Part. 1. South Kazakhstan.).
Abstract: It reviews fauna of rocks, taluses, and alpine meadows of South Kazakhstan. The most typical mammal of rocks and taluses are picas (I¤hotona rutila and I. macrotis), ibex (¥…dr… sibirica), and snow leopard (Felis irbis). Besides, snow leopard, along with Tien Shan bear (Ursus l†u¤Œn¢o), ibex, mountain wolf (¥uŒn alpinus) and others, is met in the alpine meadow zone. Zoo-export of snow leopards to the zoos does not result in extermination of the animals but generates income. Various animal species are subject to trade as zoos do not limit their collections with some specific species or groups; quite the contrary they are interested in obtaining each species. Valuable animals exported from Kazakhstan are tiger, snow leopard, Tien-Shan bear, argali, and mountain wolf. The latter costs 1,000 roubles in gold, and argali even 1,500 roubles.
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Reading, R. P., Mix, H. M., Badamjaviin L., Feh, L., Kane, D., Dulamtseren, S., et al. (2001). Status and distribution of khulan Equus hemionus in Mongolia. Journal of Zoology, 254, 381–389.
Abstract: The Asiatic wild ass Equus hemionus, or khulan, once ranged across much of Central Asia, but is now globally threatened. The largest free-ranging populations are now restricted to a 250-km wide area (range 100ñ400 km) across the Gobi Desert region of southern Mongolia. Over the last 23 years the population has moved further north and east into its former range. Surveys conducted in the 1970s and 1980s estimated that the Mongolian population contained fewer than 15 000 animals and was declining as a result of human exploitation and livestock competition. Aerial surveys (one in autumn 1994, two in spring 1997) were flown as line transects over portions of the khulan's range in Mongolia and ground surveys (’ve in spring, summer, and autumn 1994ñ97) were conducted by vehicle and foot. Sample sizes and areas surveyed were larger than previous surveys, and our methods were often more systematic. Population size was estimated at 33 000ñ63 000 wild asses in Mongolia. Animal density ranged from 4.2 a 1.3 to 19.1a 3.2 per 100 km2. Mean group size ranged from four to 35 animals in the south-western Gobi, four to seven animals in the southern Gobi, and three to 18 in the south-eastern Gobi. Our data suggest that Mongolia is the most important stronghold for the conservation of E. hemionus. Conservation management continues to be challenging because intensive studies on khulan biology and ecology are just beginning. As a freemarket economy continues to emerge in Mongolia, pressure from resource extraction interests and nomadic livestock herders to remove the khulan's protected status, permit harvesting and halt population growth and expansion, also makes implementation of research and conservation management programs more imperative.
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Rashek V.A. (1980). The Chatkal State nature reserve. Aksu Jabagly nature reserve.
Abstract: It describes history of the Chatkal and Aksu Jabagly nature reserves' establishment and provides data concerning hydrography, soils, climate, landscapes, altitude zoning, flora and fauna, and main aspects of scientific work.
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Poyarkov, A. D., Samoylova, G. S., & Subbotin, A. E. (2002). Evaluation of Potential Habitats of Snow Leopard (Uncia Uncia, Schreb.) In Altay-Khangay-Sayan Region and in Territory of Russian Federation: GIS Approach.. Islt: Islt.
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Bobrinskiy N.A. (1938). Preditors (Carnivora). The mountains of Central Asia. 1938.
Abstract: It describes fauna of the Tien Shan, Pamir and Hissar mountains of Central Asia. The mountains of Central Asia. Ibex (Capra sibirica) and snow leopard (Uncia uncia) are listed among other inhabitants of highlands in Tien Shan and Pamir Hissar.
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Fox, J. L. (1974). An ecological survey of the proposed Langtang National Park.
Abstract: Reports probable sighn of snow leopard at two high elevation points in the Langtang National Park
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Formozov A.N. (1990). Seasonal migrations of mammals due to snow cover. Distribution of the Felidae family species.
Abstract: It describes vertical migrations of ungulates (ibex, wild sheep) in the Semerechie, Altai, Sayans, Tuva, seasonal migrations of steppe ungulates (kulan and saiga), and migrations of predators (lynx, leopard, irbis, tiger, dhole, wolf, glutton) following ungulates during winters with thick snow cover. Shorter local migrations related to uneven snow cover are typical for corsac, fox, and wolf. An analysis of the Felidae family species distribution showed that northern border of the cat family species habitat is connected with borders of 20 30 cm thick snow cover rather than with landscape contours or typical habitats. With the exception of lynx, this can be referred to the large cat family species such as irbis, leopard, and tiger.
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Esipov A.V. (2002). Distribution and Numbers of the Siberian Ibex in the Hissar Nature Reserve, Uzbekistan.
Abstract: It describes distribution and number of ibex in four parts of the Hissar nature reserve in Uzbekistan. The total number of ibex is estimated to be 1,500 animals. The natural enemies of ibex are snow leopard, wolf, and lynx. Data about ibex's food, seasonal migrations, and threats are given. Decreasing forage reserve and poaching are considered as the most serious threats. A buffer zone is suggested to be established in the areas adjacent to Tajikistan and the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan.
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Epifanov V.M. (1968). Fauna.
Abstract: There are three fish species, two amphibian species, nine reptile, 97 bird species, and 23 mammal species, including snow leopard, in the Chatkal reserve. A list of animals and their brief description is provided.
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Chernogaev E.A. (1996). Modern condition and number of animals in nature reserves of Uzbekistan (Vol. Issue 1.).
Abstract: There is adducing information about number and modern condition of C.ferox, G.barbatus, A.chrisa‰tus, M.menzbieri, U.arctosisabellinus, L.lutra seistanica, H.hiena, F.lynx isabellina, U.uncia, C.elaphus bactrianus, G.subgutturoza, C.falconeri, O. ammon severtzovi, O. orientalis bochariensis and other species during last years in Chatkal, Nuratau, Hissar, Surkhan and Kyzylkum nature reserves. There is prognosis in changing of number.
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Burgelo T.B. (1986). Brief information of snow leopard.
Abstract: This article describes the encounters with snow leopard and their traces in various areas of Kazakhstan. In the Aksu Djabagly nature reserve, population of snow leopard does not exceed 10-12 animals. There were found remains of moral, argali, ibex, small birds, red-tailed marmot, hare (Lepus talai), mouse rodents and plants. One encounter with snow leopard is known to have occurred in the Greater Almaty Canyon in 1971-1981. There are no less than 25 snow leopards in the Jungar Ala-Tau. Snow leopard was found in the Aksu river valley, ridge Saur, and South Altai. The following number of snow leopards was kept in Kazakhstan's zoos, as of January 1, 1984: two males in Alma-Ata, one female in Chimkent. In 1976, one cub was born in the Alma-Ata zoo.
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Brown, M. (1997). Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Snow Leopard Habitat. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 146–147). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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