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Author |
Jackson, R.M. |
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Title |
Home Range, Movements and Habitat use of Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in Nepal |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
1996 |
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Pages |
233 pp |
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Keywords |
Nepal; blue-sheep; predator; prey; home-range; behavior; capture; telemetry; habitat; marking; activity; movement; tracking; blue; sheep; browse; home range; home; range; 990 |
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Abstract |
Home ranges for five radio-tagged snow leopards (Uncia uncia) inhabiting prime habitat in Nepal Himalaya varied in size from 11-37 km2. These solitary felids were crepuscular in activity, and although highly mobile, nearly 90% of all consecutive day movements involved a straight line distance of 2km or less. No seasonal difference in daily movement or home range boundry was detected. While home ranges overlapped substancially, use of common core spaces was temporally seperated, with tagged animals being located 1.9 km or more apart during the smae day. Spatial analysis indicated that 47-55% of use occured within only 6-15% of total home area. The snow leopards shared a common core use area, which was located at a major stream confuence in an area where topography, habitat and prey abundance appeared to be more favorable. A young female used her core area least, a female with two cubs to the greatest extent. the core area was marked significantly more with scrapes, Faeces and other sighn than non-core sites, suggesting that social marking plays an important role in spacing individuals. Snow leopards showed a strong preference for bedding in steep, rocky or broken terrain, on or close to a natural vegetation or landform edge. linear landform features, such as a cliff or major ridgeline, were preferred for travelling and day time resting. This behavior would tend to place a snow leopard close to its preferred prey, blue sheep (Psuedois nayaur), which uses the same habitat at night. Marking was concetrated along commonly travelled routes, particularly river bluffs, cliff ledges and well defined ridgelines bordering stream confluences--features that were most abundant within the core area. Such marking may facilitate mutual avoidance, help maintain the species' solitary social structure, and also enable a relatively high density of snow leopard, especially within high-quality habitat. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Publisher |
University of London |
Place of Publication |
University of London |
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Date of Copyright: 1996 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 275 |
Serial |
481 |
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Author |
Jackson, R. |
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Title |
People-Wildlife Conflict Management in the Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1998 |
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Tibet's Biodiversity: Conservation and Management.Proceedings of a Conference, August 30-September 4 |
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40-46 |
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Keywords |
conflict; conflict management; management; Qomolangma; nature; preserve; Tibet; primary; Report; conflicts; damage; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; reserve; protected; endangered; endangered mammals; mammals; biodiversity; conservation |
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The primary objective of this paper is to report on people-wildlife conflicts arising from crop damage and livestock depredation in the Qomolangma Reserve, with special reference to the management of protected and endangered mammals. |
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Tibet Forestry Department and World Wide Fund for Nature. China Forestry Publishing House. |
Place of Publication |
China |
Editor |
Ning, W.; Miller, D.; Zhu, L.; Springer, J. |
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Tibet's Biodiversity: Conservation and Management. |
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188 pages in proceedings. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1013 |
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461 |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Hunter, D.O. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard Survey and Conservation Handbook (2nd Edition) |
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1995 |
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surveys; survey; transect; field-study; browse; field study; field; study; 2790 |
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ISLT and National Biological Survey |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 281 |
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454 |
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Author |
Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Community Participation: Tools and Examples |
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2000 |
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1-9 |
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community; workshop; wildlife; India; us; Himalayan; biodiversity; project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trust; management; planning; trans-himalayan; transhimalayan; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; 2000; leh; Ladakh |
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In response to dwindling wildlife populations and habitat, governments established national parks and protected areas, often with little input from people living in the immediate area. In some cases communities were relocated, but in most they are left to pursue traditional agricultural and pastoral livelihoods under a new set of rules. Important questions of land tenure remained unresolved, with a “fences and fines” approach to protected area management (Stolton and Dudley 1999). |
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Management Planning Workshop for the Trans-Himalayan Protected Areas, 25-29 August, 2000, Leh, Ladak |
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Workshop sponsored by the Wildlife Institute of India, US Fish and Wildlife Service Himalayan Biodiversity project, andInternational Snow Leopard Trust |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1020 |
Serial |
467 |
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Author |
Jackson, R. |
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Title |
SSC Plan for Snow Leopard |
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Miscellaneous |
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1992 |
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Keywords |
physiology; status; distribution; description; behavior; reproduction; mating; breeding; vocalization; gestation; biology; habitat; scrapes; sprays; scat; feces; longevity; homerange; home-range; prey; diet; Cites; Iunc; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; protected-areas; movements; activity; livestock; herders; depredation; conflict; trade; poaching; hunting; research; captivity; management; zoos; Slims; surveys; transects; browse; home range; home; range; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 3920; plan; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard |
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Full Text at URL
DRAFT – Revised September 22, 1992 by Rodney Jackson |
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SLN @ rana @ 201 |
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450 |
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Author |
Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Species Survival Commission Plan for Snow Leopard |
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Miscellaneous |
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1992 |
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conservation; management; ecology; browse; 2080 |
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Unpub. draft for Cat Specialist Action Plan, IUCN, Gland. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 192 |
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449 |
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Author |
Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Snow Leopards and Other Wildlife in the Qomolang,a Nature Preserve of Tibet |
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Miscellaneous |
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1991 |
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Snow Line |
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ix |
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9-12 |
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Keywords |
animal-husbandry; annapurna; bounties; China; depradation; interviews; poaching; population; research; status; survey |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Seattle |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 463 |
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448 |
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Author |
Jackson, R. |
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Title |
A wildlife survey of the Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibetian Autonomous Region, Peoples Republic of China |
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1991 |
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Qomolangma; Tibet; China; protected-areas; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; browse; 3150 |
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Woodlands Mountain Institute |
Place of Publication |
Franklin, West Virginia |
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SLN @ rana @ 184 |
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447 |
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Author |
Wangchuk, R.; Jackson, R. |
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Title |
A Community-based Approach to Mitigating Livestock-Wildlife Conflict in Ladakh, India |
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2009 |
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1-9 |
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community-based; approach; conflict; Ladakh; India; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; wolf; wolves; Himalayan; region; Jackson; kibber; Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary; wildlife; sanctuary; sanctuaries; loss; us; villagers; predation; establishment; surveys; survey; number; change; Animal; animal-husbandry; husbandry; system; 2000 |
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Livestock depredation by snow leopard and wolf is widespread across the Himalayan region (Jackson et al. 1996, Jackson and Wangchuk 2001; Mishra 1997, Oli et al 1994). For example, in India's Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary, Mishra (1997) reported losses amounting to 18% of the livestock holdings and valued at about US $138 per household. The villagers claimed predation rates increased after establishment of the sanctuary, but
surveys indicated a dramatic increase in livestock numbers accompanying changes in animal husbandry systems (Mishra 2000). |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1014 |
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1005 |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. |
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Title |
Snow Leopards in Nepal-home range and movements |
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1989 |
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National Geographic Res. |
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5 |
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161-175 |
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home-range; behavior; Nepal; browse; home; range; 3190 |
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SLN @ rana @ 140 |
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443 |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. |
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Title |
Catching a ghost (the snow leopard) |
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1989 |
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International Wildlife. |
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19 |
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3 |
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30 |
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Jackson; Ahlborn; browse; 1180 |
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SLN @ rana @ 130 |
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442 |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Wangchuk, R. |
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Title |
A Community-Based Approach to Mitigating Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards |
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Miscellaneous |
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2004 |
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Human Dimensions of Wildlife |
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9 |
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307-315 |
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Keywords |
snow leopard,depredation,human-wildlife conflict,participatory planning,India; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Himalayan; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; attack; sheep; goats; goat; local; villagers; community-based; conservation; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; India; conflict; pens; income; participatory; strategy; planning; sense; project; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; protection; retaliatory; poaching |
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Livestock depredation by the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an increasingly contentious issue in Himalayan villages, especially in or near protected areas. Mass attacks in which as many as 100 sheep and goats are killed in a single incident inevitably result in retaliation by local villagers. This article describes a community-based conservation initiative to address this problem in Hemis National Park, India. Human-wildlife conflict is alleviated by predator-proofing villagers' nighttime livestock pens and by enhancing household incomes in environmentally sensitive and culturally compatible ways. The authors have found that the highly participatory strategy described here (Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action-APPA) leads to a sense of project ownership by local stakeholders, communal empowerment, self-reliance, and willingness to co-exist with
snow leopards. The most significant conservation outcome of this process is the protection from retaliatory poaching of up to five snow leopards for every village's livestock pens that are made predator-proof. |
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SLN @ rana @ 890 |
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471 |
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Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Pakistan's Community-based Trophy Hunting Programs and Their Relationship to Snow Leopard Conservation |
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2004 |
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Pakistan; community-based; hunting; programs; program; Relationship; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; conservation; network |
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In June-July 2004, the Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) recently conducted field visits to three important snow leopard sites in Pakistan's Northern Areas: Hushey and Skoyo villages in Baltistan and the Khunjerab Village Organization (KVO) in Gojal. The purpose was to launch environmentally appropriate small-scale, village-based conservation and depredation alleviation initiatives aimed at protecting snow leopards, prey species, their habitats and associated mountain biodiversity, while benefiting humans at the same time. |
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For consideration by The Snow Leopard Network (SLN) Committee on Position Statements |
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SLN @ rana @ 1024 |
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472 |
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Author |
Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Snow Cats of Nepal's Langue Gorge |
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1987 |
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Animal Kingdom |
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4 |
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44-53 |
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Nepal; tracking; home-range; habitat; home range; home; range; browse; 3630; snow; Cats; cat; gorge |
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Anecdotal account with some general research results of a four year tracking study of the snow leopard in Nepal's Langu valley |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 111 |
Serial |
439 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. |
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Title |
A high altitude survey of the Hongu valley with special emphasis on snow leopard |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Keywords |
Hongu; Nepal; habitat; distribution; browse; 2360 |
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Notes |
Unpublished report submitted to The Mountain Institute and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal. Date of Copyright: 1987 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 109 |
Serial |
438 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Hillard, D. |
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Title |
Tracking the elusive snow leopard |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
National Geographic |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
169 |
Issue |
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Pages |
792 |
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Keywords |
tracking; Jackson; Hillard; browse; 1190 |
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Notes |
Document Type: English |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 101 |
Serial |
437 |
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Author |
Jackson, R. |
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Title |
On the trail of the elusive snow leopard |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
World Wildlife Fund Monthly Report |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
May |
Issue |
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Pages |
127-132 |
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Keywords |
Wwf; Nepal; asia; browse; world-wildlife-fund; 3130 |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 92 |
Serial |
435 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Jain, N.; Wangchuk, R.; Jackson, R. |
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Title |
An Assessment of CBT and Homestay Sites in Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh |
Type |
Report |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-14 |
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Keywords |
assessment; Himachal; himachal pradesh; Himachal-Pradesh; United; Organization; survey; Report; activities; activity; mountain; Tmi; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; Snow Leopard Conservancy; leopard; Ladakh; States; India; Himalayan; program; conservation; local; livelihood; asia |
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Abstract |
The survey described in this report builds upon prior CBT activities undertaken by The Mountain Institute (TMI) in partnership with the Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) in Ladakh, supported by a grant from UNESCO (with co-financing from SLC). Under the evolving concept of “Himalayan Homestays”, initially developed and tested in Ladakh, it is proposed that activities be expanded to selected states in India in a strategic and effective way. Himalayan Homestays are part of a larger integrated program to link snow leopard conservation with local livelihoods in Asia. |
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Notes |
Supported by: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1019 |
Serial |
483 |
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Author |
Jackson, R.M. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard: Imperiled Phantom of Pakistan's High Mountains |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Natura |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
4-9 |
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Keywords |
Pakistan; browse; 2170 |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 193 |
Serial |
479 |
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Author |
Tiwari, M. P., Devkota, B. P., Jackson, R. M., Chhetri, B. B.
K., Bagale, S. |
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Title |
What Factors Predispose Households in Trans-Himalaya (Central
Nepal) to Livestock Predation by Snow Leopards? |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
2187 |
Pages |
1-14 |
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Keywords |
human-snow leopard conflict; livestock predation; Narphu valley; trans-Himalaya |
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Abstract |
Livestock depredation across the trans-Himalaya causes
significant economic losses to pastoralist communities. Quantification
of livestock predation and the assessment of variables associated with
depredation are crucial for designing effective long-term mitigation
measures. We investigated the patterns and factors of livestock
depredation by snow leopards (Panthera uncia) using semi-structured
questionnaires targeting herders in the Narphu valley of the Annapurna
Conservation Area, Nepal. During the two years (2017/18 and 2018/19),
73.9% of the households interviewed (n = 65) lost livestock to snow
leopards, with an annual average loss of two livestock per household. Of
the total depredation attributed to snow leopards, 55.4% were yak
(mainly female: 79%), 31.7% goat, 6.8% sheep, 3.2% horse and 2.8%
cattle. Results from applying Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs)
revealed the total number of livestock owned and the number of larger
bodied livestock species as the main explanatory covariates explaining
livestock depredation. Forty-one (41%) of all herders considered snow
leopard’s preference for domestic livestock as the main factor in
livestock predation, whereas only 5% perceived poor herding practice as
the main reason for the loss. Our study found poor and changing herding
practices in the valley, whereby 71% herders reported careful herding as
a solution to snow leopard depredation, and 15% of herders considered
the complete extermination of snow leopards as the best solution to the
problem. Tolerance levels and awareness among herders towards snow
leopard conservation is increasing, mainly due to the Buddhist religion
and strict law enforcement within this protected area. We recommend the
effective implementation of a community-based livestock insurance scheme
to compensate the economic loss of herders due to predation and improved
herding practices as the recommended mitigation measures for ensuring
livestock security and snow leopards’ conservation in the valley. |
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no |
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Serial |
1624 |
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Author |
Janecka; J.E.; Jackson, R.; Yuquang, Z.; Diqiang, L.; Munkhtsog, B.; Buckley-Beason, V.; Murphy, W.J. |
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Title |
Population monitoring of snow leopards using noninvasive collection of scat samples: a pilot study |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Animal Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
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Pages |
401-411 |
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Keywords |
snow leopard; genetics; scat; noninvasive; survey. |
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Abstract |
The endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia occurs in rugged, high-altitude regions of Central Asia. However, information on the status of this felid is limited in many areas. We conducted a pilot study to optimize molecular markers for the analysis of snow leopard scat samples and to examine the feasibility of using noninvasive genetic methods for monitoring this felid. We designed snow leopard-specific primers for seven microsatellite loci that amplified shorter segments and avoided flanking sequences shared with repetitive elements. By redesigning primers we maximized genotyping success and minimized genotyping errors. In addition, we tested a Y chromosome-marker for sex identification and designed a panel of mitochondrial DNA primers for examining genetic diversity of snow leopards using scat samples. We collected scats believed to be from snow leopards in three separate geographic regions including north-western India, central China and southern Mongolia. We observed snow leopard scats in all three sites despite only brief 2-day surveys in each area. There was a high rate of species misidentification in the field with up to 54% of snow leopard scats misidentified as red fox. The high rate of field misidentification suggests sign surveys incorporating scat likely overestimate snow leopard abundance. The highest ratio of snow leopard scats was observed in Ladakh (India) and South Gobi (Mongolia), where four and five snow leopards were detected, respectively. Our findings describe a species-specific molecular panel for analysis of snow leopard scats, and highlight the efficacy of noninvasive genetic surveys for monitoring snow leopards. These methods enable large-scale noninvasive studies that will provide information critical for conservation of snow leopards. |
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Notes |
Supplemental information may be found at http:snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/JaneckaSupplemental2008.pdf |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 883 |
Serial |
488 |
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Author |
Gundersen, S.; Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard in Nepal |
Type |
Book Whole |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-24 |
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Keywords |
snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Nepal; Wwf; program; Support; parks; park; wildlife; conservation; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust |
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Gundersen, S. |
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WWF Nepal Program prepared booklet with support of Department of Natural Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal, and the International Snow Leopard Trust. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1002 |
Serial |
361 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Jackson, R.M. |
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Title |
Snow Leopards in Nepal |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Oryx |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
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Pages |
191-195 |
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Keywords |
Nepal; status; distribution; conservation; hunting; hunters; poaching; pelts; fur; coat; browse; 2160 |
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Abstract |
Reviews in detail occurence, status, and conservation measures related to snow leopards in Nepal. Estimates 150-300 snow leopards in Nepal. Local hunters can get 10 to 50 US dollars for a pelt |
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Notes |
Document Type: English |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 50 |
Serial |
477 |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D. |
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Title |
Estimating Snow Leopard Population Abundance Using Photography and Capture-Recapture Techniques |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Wildlife Society Bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
772-781 |
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Keywords |
abundance; camera trapping; capture rates; dentistry; identification; India; photography; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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Abstract |
Conservation and management of snow leopards (Uncia uncial) has largely relied on anecdotal evidence and presence-absence data due to their cryptic nature and the difficult terrain they inhabit. These methods generally lack the scientific rigor necessary to accurately estimate population size and monitor trends. We evaluated the use of photography in capture-mark-recapture (CMR) techniques for estimating snow leopard population abundance and density within Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India. We placed infrared camera traps along actively used travel paths, scent-sprayed rocks, and scrape sites within 16-30 kmý sampling grids in successive winters during January and March 2003-2004. We used head-on, oblique, and side-view camera configurations to obtain snow leopard photographs at varying body orientations. We calculated snow leopard abundance estimates using the program CAPTURE. We obtained a total of 66 and 49 snow leopard captures resulting in 8.91 and 5.63 individuals per 100 trap nights during 2003 and 2004, respectively. We identified snow leopards based on the distinct pelage patters located primarily on the forelimbs, flanks, and dorsal surface of the tail. Capture probabilities ranged from 0.33 to 0.67. Density estimates ranged from 8.49 (SE+0.22) individuals per 100 kmý in 2003 to 4.45 (SE+0.16) in 2004. We believe the density disparity between years is attributable to different trap density and placement rather than to an actual decline in population size. Our results suggest that photographic capture-mark-recapture sampling may be a useful tool for monitoring demographic patterns. However, we believe a larger sample size would be necessary for generating a statistically robust estimate of population density and abundance based on CMR models. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 912 |
Serial |
476 |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D. |
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Title |
Camera-Trapping of Snow Leopards |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Cat News |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
42 |
Issue |
Spring |
Pages |
19-21 |
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Keywords |
camera trapping; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; felids; tigers; tiger; techniques; surveys; survey; information; factor; marking; behavior; Ahlborn; Jackson; habitat; status; range; census; India; Hemis; High; national; national park; National-park; park; Ladakh; leh |
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Abstract |
Solitary felids like tigers and snow leopards are notoriously difficult to enumerate, and indirect techniques like pugmark surveys often produce ambiguous information that is difficult to interpret because many factors influence marking behavior and frequency (Ahlborn & Jackson 1988). Considering the snow leopard's rugged habitat, it is not surprising then that information on its current status and occupied range is very limited. We adapted the camera-trapping techniques pioneered by Ullas Karanth and his associates for counting Bengal tigers to the census taking of snow leopards in the Rumbak watershed of the India's Hemis High Altitude National Park (HNP), located in Ladakh near Leh (76ø 50' to 77ø 45' East; 33ø 15' to 34ø 20'North). |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1017 |
Serial |
475 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
