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Author | Thapa, K., Rayamajhi, S. | ||||
Title | Anti-predator strategies of blue sheep (naur) under varied predator compositions: a comparison of snow leopard-inhabited valleys with and without wolves in Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2023 | Publication | Wildlife Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-9 | ||
Keywords | Annapurna conservation area, antipredator behavior, blue sheep (Naur), predation, prey predator traits, snow leopard, trade-off, wolf. | ||||
Abstract | In Nepal, naur are usually the staple wild prey for the snow leopard, a solitary stalker hunter, and in some cases, for the wolf who hunts in a pack. We assumed that naur would adapt their anti-predatory responses to the presence of chasing and ambushing predators in the Manang Valley, where there are snow leopards and wolves, and in the Nar Phu valley, an area where there is only the snow leopard. Aims. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in anti-predator strategies (vigilance, habitat selection and escape terrain) of naur in two valleys over two seasons, spring and autumn. Methods. In spring 2019, we conducted a reconnaissance survey on the status of the naur and its habitat in the Manang and Nar Phu valleys of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In spring and autumn 2020 and 2021, we observed 360 focal naur individuals (180 individuals in each valley), using the vigilance behaviour methodology to examine the behaviour of the naur. Key results. There was little difference in the size of the naur groups between the Manang and Nar Phu valleys. The naur were twice as vigilant in Manang (15%), where there are snow leopards and wolves, as they were in Nar Phu (9%), with only snow leopards. The distance from the naur to escape cover was significantly shorter in Manang than in Nar Phu valley. Naur used significantly more rolling terrain in Nar Phu than in Manang. Conclusions. The return of wolves to the Manang valley may have resulted in an increase in the level of naur vigilance. Most likely, the wolves in Manang have already had an effect on the female-to-young-ratio, and this effect will possibly have important consequences for the naur population, as well as at the ecosystem level in the future. Other key determining factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in local resources, could have a significant impact on the naur population, indicating the need for more research. Implications. The findings of this study would provide valuable baseline information for the design of a science-based conservation strategy for conservation managers and scientists on naur, snow leopards and wolves. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1732 | ||
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Author | Chichikin Yu.N. | ||||
Title | Ways to enrich game fauna of Kyrgyzstan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1968 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 33-39 | ||
Keywords | Kyrgyzstan; game species; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 6450; Russian | ||||
Abstract | In Kyrgyzstan, there are 106 mammal and 111 bird species. 40 mammal and 70 bird species are game ones. Resources of some of them were undermined due to over-hunting. Moral, goitered gazelle, pheasant have disappeared; argali, roe deer, and wild boar have become not numerous. In order to protect game fauna and regulate hunting of wild animals, hunting was prohibited at lake Issyk-Kul (1948); hunting for moral, goitered gazelle, swan, bar-headed goose, pheasant, snow leopard, bear, and argali was prohibited too (1952, 1956 and 1958). | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Love and protect nature of Kyrgyzstan. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 623 | Serial | 218 | ||
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Author | Aizin B.M. | ||||
Title | Distribution, number and seasonal behavioral patterns of Panthera uncia Scheber in Kyrgyzstan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1974 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Vol. 1. | Issue | Pages | 19-20 | |
Keywords | Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; distribution; number; trade.; 5900; Russian | ||||
Abstract | In Kyrgyzstan, snow leopard can be met almost in all mountain ridges (Kok-Kiya, Atbasha, Kyrgyz, Terskey, Kungei, Talas, Chatkal, Alai, Zaalai), where it keeps to alpine meadow, woodless rock and snowfield zones. The number of snow leopard does not exceed 1,500 animals. Seven to 10 animals are annually caught for the needs of zoo-export. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of the 1st international congress on mammals. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 569 | Serial | 45 | ||
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Author | Yanushevich A.I. | ||||
Title | Status of hunting industry in Kyrgyzstan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1969 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Part. II. | Issue | Pages | 110-113 | |
Keywords | Kyrgyzstan; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 8600; Russian | ||||
Abstract | In Kyrgyz SSR, there are 26 fur animal species, including three acclimatized, six wild ungulate and 70 bird species. They all can serve as objects of commercial and sport hunting. 56 snow leopards, 120 wild boars, 96 roe-deers, 121 ibexes, and 14 argalis were caught 1962 1967. A majority of the animals were exported from the country. The Kyrgyz SSR is one of the main suppliers of snow leopards, hunting for which for the sake of its fur-skin is prohibited. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of conference “Capacity and production of game preserves in the USSR”. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 837 | Serial | 1053 | ||
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Author | Strautman Ye.I.Bekenov A. | ||||
Title | Rare and endangered vertebrate animas of Kazakhstan, and their protection | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1978 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 33-34 | ||
Keywords | Kazakhstan; Red Data book; conservation measures; extinction risk; endangered species; snow leopard; protected areas.; 8330; Russian | ||||
Abstract | In Kazakhstan, there are 158 mammal species, 485 bird species, 52 reptile and 12 amphibian species, and about 150 fish species, of which 31 mammal species, 43 bird species, eight reptile, one amphibian and four fish species need protection. Snow leopard is referred to endangered species. Six nature reserves and 43 preserves have been established to protect rare and endangered animal and plant species in Kazakhstan. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection of flora and fauna in Uzbekistan. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 811 | Serial | 940 | ||
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Author | Kovshar A.F. | ||||
Title | Mammal – Mammalia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1987 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 154 | ||
Keywords | Kazakhstan; mammals; snow leopard.; 7410; Russian | ||||
Abstract | In Kazakhstan 160 species of mammal are inhabited. The snow leopard is rare and poor known inhabitant of highly mountain regions of republic. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Kazakhstan in photos. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 719 | Serial | 588 | ||
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Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
Title | Pakistan's Community-based Trophy Hunting Programs and Their Relationship to Snow Leopard Conservation | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | Pakistan; community-based; hunting; programs; program; Relationship; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; conservation; network | ||||
Abstract | In June-July 2004, the Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) recently conducted field visits to three important snow leopard sites in Pakistan's Northern Areas: Hushey and Skoyo villages in Baltistan and the Khunjerab Village Organization (KVO) in Gojal. The purpose was to launch environmentally appropriate small-scale, village-based conservation and depredation alleviation initiatives aimed at protecting snow leopards, prey species, their habitats and associated mountain biodiversity, while benefiting humans at the same time. | ||||
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Notes | For consideration by The Snow Leopard Network (SLN) Committee on Position Statements | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1024 | Serial | 472 | ||
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Author | Alexander, J. S., Cusack, J. J., Pengju, C, Kun, S., Riordan, P. | ||||
Title | Conservation of snow leopards: spill-over benefits for other carnivores? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Fauna & Flora International | Pages | 1-5 | |
Keywords | China, conservation, Eurasian lynx, grey wolf, red fox, snow leopard | ||||
Abstract | In high-altitude settings of Central Asia the Endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia has been recognized as a potential umbrella species. As a first step in assessing the potential benefits of snow leopard conservation for other carnivores, we sought a better understanding of the presence of other carnivores in areas occupied by snow leopards in China’s Qilianshan National Nature Reserve. We used camera-trap and sign surveys to examine whether other carnivores were using the same travel routes as snow leopards at two spatial scales. We also considered temporal interactions between species. Our results confirm that other carnivores, including the red fox Vulpes vulpes, grey wolf Canis lupus, Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx and dhole Cuon alpinus, occur along snow leopard travel routes, albeit with low detection rates. Even at the smaller scale of our camera trap survey all five carnivores (snow leopard, lynx, wolf, red fox and dhole) were observed. Kernel density estimates suggested a high degree of temporal overlap between the snow leopard and the fox, and the snow leopard and the lynx, as indicated by high overlap coefficient estimates. There is an opportunity to consider protective measures at the local scale that would benefit various species simultaneously. However, it should also be recognized that snow leopard conservation efforts could exacerbate human–wildlife conflicts through their protective effect on other carnivore species. |
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Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1434 | ||
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Author | Kashkadarinskaya Pravda Newspaper. | ||||
Title | Snow leopard goes to Frunze | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1983 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | 79 (26-11) | Issue | Pages | ||
Keywords | Uzbekistan; Alatoo mountain; Karakol gorge; snow leopard; catching; Zoo.; 7130; Russian | ||||
Abstract | In canyon Karakol of the Alatoo ridge, a snow leopard was caught for a zoo of Frunze. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Newspaper Kashkadarinskaya Pravda. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 691 | Serial | 517 | ||
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Author | Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association | ||||
Title | Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Keywords | nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology | ||||
Abstract | In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism, zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd, Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that administrative units have been increased and territories of administrative units have been diminished. There have been four provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert. Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum, Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression. Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December 16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of 1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 % of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting. Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15 USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't consider it had been right since it was natural event. However population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards correctly with low costs. |
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1100 | Serial | 705 | ||
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