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	Author	Jalanka, H.H.
	Title	Medetomidine, medetomidine-ketamine combinations and atipamezole in nondomestic mammals: A clinical, physiological and comparative study			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Dep.Clinical Sciences, Coll.Veterinary Med., Helsinki, Finland	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	taxonomy; phylogeny; Panthera-uncia; tranquilizers; zoo-management; physiology; veterinary; medical; medicine; zoo; zoos; browse; panthera; uncia; zoo management; management; 1460
	Abstract	Hibiscus section Furcaria is composed of over 400 species. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) and rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa) belong to this section. Both species are important fiber crops. The survey reported in this book was undertaken in order to find new sources of genetic diversity collect, save, and distribute germ plasm. The work contains a taxonomic key of section Furcaria in southern Africa, 8 species, a description of the species illustrated by line-drawings, and distribution maps. (Also discussed are; H. mechowii, H. meeusei, H. surattensis, H. acetosella, H. torrei, H. mastersianus, H. hiernianus, H. altissimus, H. diversifolius sub sp. rivularis.)
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	Notes	BK: Jalanka, H. H. Medetomidine, medetomidine-ketamine combinations and atipamezole in nondomestic mammals: A clinical, physiological and comparative study. 282p Document Type: English.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 177			Serial	487
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	Author	Chundawat, R.S.; Rodgers W.A.; Panwar, H.S.
	Title	Status Report on Snow Leopard in India			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1988	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	113-120
	Keywords	India; Ladakh; status; distribution; home-range; conservation; poaching; hunting; habitat; parks; reserves; refuge; browse; home; range; 1700
	Abstract	Gives status and distribution of snow leopards in India primarely based on sightings and kills.
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	Publisher	International Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India	Place of Publication	Srinagar, India	Editor	H.Freeman
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	Notes	Full Text at URL.Title, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: 1988Date of Copyright: 1988			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 103			Serial	221
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	Author	Wajrak, A.
	Title	Snow Leopard Skins in Poland (Polowanie Na Sniezna Pantere)			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Gazeta Wyborcza.
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Russia; Ussr; skins; furs; pelts; poaching; trade; browse; Soviet-Union; soviet union; soviet; union; 3160; information; 920; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; skin
	Abstract	Full Text: In 1991, Dr Andrzej Kruszewicz of the Institute of Ecology of the Polish Academy of Sciences saw a “quite fresh” snow leopard skin on sale by a Russian in a Warsaw market for three million Polish zlotys ($300). A few weeks later he saw another skin in a shop in the centre of Warsaw. In spring 1992, Marcin Waslawski from the Institute of Geography saw a snow leopard skin in the same market for the equivalent of $200. The seller was an Asian from a former Soviet Republic. In summer 1992, Wajrak himself saw a snow leopard skin in a hunters' shop in Warsaw and in winter saw one in the home of a Polish hunter, who said it was a gift from a Mongolian friend. In winter 1994, a student from Britain saw a Polish long coat of snow leopard skins in Bialowieza. Wajrak saw a skin in a Warsaw shop, which the owner said was 15-20 years old; he got it from a Polish diplomat who had been in Mongolia and had three snow leopard skins. The skin was priced at the equivalent of $1,000. Wajrak added that he had been told that it was possible to buy tiger skins from Russians in Poland and he was trying to find one; I have not heard from him since.
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	Notes	Information from Adam Wajrak of Gazeta Wyboracza (T: 48 2 416 920) 24/4/94.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 268			Serial	1002
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	Author	Bo, W.
	Title	Snow Leopard Smuggling Aborted			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	China; hunting; poaching; trade; pelts; skins; coats; fur; bones; meat; browse; 4010
	Abstract	Full Text: Xining, China Daily, Jan. 31--Police have detained a man for trying to smuggle two dead snow leopards, an endangered species under State protection, through the Xining Railway Station in Northwest China's Qinghai Province. Ma Deliang was stopped by police after he attempted to pass the butchered snow leopards off as beef at a shop in Sichuan Province. Ma later confessed that he bought the dead snow leopards at a local market and wanted to smuggle them to Deyang in Sichuan Province. Police also searched Ma's home and found dear heads, antlers and lynx and fox furs. Snow leopards live in highlands of altitudes between 3,000 to 6,000 metres above sea level. The population of the species has dwindled greatly since the 19th century.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 376			Serial	176
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	Author	Schaller, G.B.
	Title	Mountain mammals in Pakistan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue		Pages	351-356
	Keywords	Pakistan; Chitral-Gol; status; distribution; hunting; poaching; hunters; parks; park; reserves; reserve; refuge; protected-area; browse; chitral gol; chitral; protected area; protected; area; 2240
	Abstract	Four or five snow leopards were present in 300 sq km of Chitral District in 1974. Six snow leopards were shot in vicinity of Chitral Gol in winter of 1971-1972, and at least one the next year. Estimates fewer then 250 snow leopards in Pakistan.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 33			Serial	863
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Sinha, S.P.; Chundawat, R.S.; Das, P.K.
	Title	Status of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Northwest India			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	55	Issue	3	Pages	283-298
	Keywords	ibex; leopard; snow-leopard; blue-sheep; Asiatic-ibex; asia; Himalayas; India; Himalaya; Jammu; Kashmir; Ladakh; panthera; uncia; Pseudois; nayaur; Capra-ibex; parks; reserves; conservation; capra ibex; snow leopard; blue; sheep; browse; pseudois nayaur; capra; Asiatic; 790
	Abstract	Evidence of snow leopard presence was most abundant in C Ladakh, decreased southward toward the crest of the Himalaya, and was least on the S side of the main Himalaya. Prey populations, primarily blue sheep Pseudois nayaur and Asiatic ibex Capra ibex, were also more plentiful in the areas surveyed to the N of the main Himalaya. Perhaps 400 snow leopard occur throughout NW India. The stronghold of this species in India is apparently the trans- Himalayan ranges in Ladakh where new parks and reserves are being established, some in association with a snow leopard recovery programme of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and a 'Project Snow Leopard' of the central Indian government. Because of the generally low density of snow leopard, conservation measures must also be considered within the large areas of its range lying outside parks and reserves. -from Authors
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	Notes	Full text at URLDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 174			Serial	297
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	Author	Bold, A.; Dorzhzunduy, S.
	Title	Report on Snow Leopards in the Southern Spurs of the Gobi Altai			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1976	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue		Pages	27-43
	Keywords	gobi; Altai; Altay; status; distribution; browse; 2690; Russian
	Abstract	Estimates a population of 170-230 snow leopard within an area of 6600 km2 in Southern Gobi
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	Notes	In Russian Title, Monographic: Proceedings of Institute of General and Experimental Biology Place of Meeting: Ulaanbaator Date of Copyright: 1976			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 30			Serial	186
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	Author	Rodenburg, W.F.
	Title	The Trade in Wild Animal Furs in Afghanistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1977	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Afghanistan; pelts; hunting; poaching; pelt; coat; fur; skin; browse; 2480
	Abstract	Estimated that 70-80 snow leopard pelts were traded annually at the Kabul bazaar.
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	Notes	UNDP/FAO Project Field Document AFG/74/016, Kabul. Date of Copyright: 1977			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 40			Serial	826
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	Author	Roth, T.L.; Howard, J.G.; Donoghue, A.M.; Swanson, W.F.; Wildt, D.E.
	Title	Function and culture requirements of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) spermatozoa in vitro			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	J Reprod Fertil	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	101	Issue	3	Pages	563-569
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; physiology; Cell; survival; Cells; Cultured; Comparative; study; Culture; Media; Female; Male; Pentoxifylline; Sperm; Motility; Ovum; Interactions; Spermatozoa; cytology; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; non; us; gov't; government; 190
	Abstract	Electroejaculates from eight snow leopards were used to determine how the motility of spermatozoa was influenced by (i) type of media (Ham's F10, PBS, human tubal fluid or RPMI-1640); (ii) holding temperature (23 degrees C versus 37 degrees C); (iii) washing of spermatozoa and (iv) a sperm metabolic enhancer, pentoxifylline. The duration of sperm motility was assessed by evaluating samples in each treatment every hour for 6 h and a sperm motility index (a value combining percentage sperm motility and rate of forward progression) calculated. Spermatozoa from the Ham's F10, PBS and PBS plus pentoxifylline treatments were also co-incubated with zona-intact, domestic cat eggs that were fixed and evaluated for spermatozoa bound to the zona pellucida, penetrating the outer and inner layers of the zona pellucida and within the perivitelline space. During the 6 h co-incubation, the sperm motility index in PBS with pentoxifylline was greater (P < 0.05) than in PBS alone which, in turn, was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other three test media. Washing the spermatozoa enhanced (P < 0.05) motility in both PBS and PBS plus pentoxifylline relative to unwashed samples, but there was no effect (P > 0.05) of holding temperature. Pentoxifylline supplementation enhanced (P < 0.05) the proportion of cat eggs with bound, but not penetrated, snow leopard spermatozoa in the inner layer of the zona pellucida, and there were no spermatozoa in the perivitelline space.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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	ISSN	0022-4251	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 253			Serial	828
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	Author	Freeman, H.
	Title	Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Zoo Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue	1	Pages	1-22
	Keywords	behavior; zoo; zoos; captive; captivity; estrus; breeding; mating; veterinary; browse; 1600
	Abstract	Eight adult pairs of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were observed for one to three years in the months December through March to determine the species' social and reproductive characteristics in captivity. To statistically examine the occurrence of behaviors as a function of estrus, the observation weeks were divided into three time blocks: before estrus, estrus, and after estrus. Using percentage of scan samples as an estimate of time spent in various behaviors, 16 behaviors and combined behavior categories were examined for (1) behaviors that differentiated successfully from unsuccessfully breeding pairs, (2) sex differences in behavior, (3) significant correlations between pair members, and (4) behaviors that showed time block effects. The rationale for identifying a behavioral profile of successful breeders in snow leopards was to aid zoos in their captive management programs by increasing their knowledge of the social behavior of this species. By finding correlates to breeding success, informed decisions on whether to change partners after a certain period of time, how to group the cats, and the optimum strategy for a survival plan can be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 60			Serial	319
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Sinha, S.P.; Chundawat R.S.; Das, P.K.
	Title	A Field Survey of Snow Leopard Presence and Habitat use in Northwestern India			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1988	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	99-111
	Keywords	India; habitat; status; distribution; Ladakh; himalayans; field study; tracking; tracks; scraping; spraying; marking; predator; prey; livestock; herder; herders; browse; 1690
	Abstract	During November 1985 through July1996, a survey of snow leopard presence and ecology was conducted in selected areas of the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh in north-western India. The study was carried out under the auspices of the Wildlife Institute of India in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the International Snow Leopard Trust. The objectives of the survey were essentially determine the relative presence of the snow leopard and its associated prey species,investigate human interaction with the snow leopard and select an appropriate site for more intensive studies of the snow leopard and its ecosystem.
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	Publisher	International Snow Leoaprd Trust and Wildlife Institute of India	Place of Publication	India	Editor	H.Freeman
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 119			Serial	293
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	Author	Fox, J.L.
	Title	Conflict between predators and people in Ladakh			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	17	Issue		Pages	18
	Keywords	asia; India; behavior; endangered; threatened-species; mammals; management; predation; public relations; reserves; refuges; parks; wildlife; human-relationships; livestock; sheep; goats; prey; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; protected-area; Hemis; browse; Islt; International; snow; leopard; trust; public; Relations; Human; relationships; protected; 640
	Abstract	During a six-week period in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, snow leopards killed 10 sheep and goats and one leopard gained access to a livestock pen and killed many of the animals inside. Dholes also killed sheep and goats, and a wolf killed a young horse. Residents routinely remove snow leopard cubs from their dens to limit future damage by this species. How to deal with the plight of the people living in the area while still protecting the endangered species are major concerns of the International Snow Leopard Trust, which manages Hemis National Park. lgh.
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	Notes	AUTHOR ADDRESS: Dep. Ecol./Zool., IBG Univ. Tromso, Tromso, Norway, ORIGINAL SOURCE: Snow Leopard News, Autumn 1997 Document Type: English Call Number: WR99-007446			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 309			Serial	310
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	Author	Chakraborty, R.E.; Chakraborty, S.
	Title	Identification of dorsal guard hairs of Indian species of the genus Panthera Oken (Carnivora: Felidae)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Mammalia	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	60	Issue	3	Pages	480
	Keywords	identification; India; hair-samples; guard; hairs; panthera; uncia; tigris; leo; pardus; browse; 660
	Abstract	Dorsal guard hairs of four living Indian species of the genus Panthera, viz. P. tigris, P. leo, P. pardus and P. uncia have been studied. It is found that the characters are somewhat overlapping, but identification of the species may be possible from the combination of characters.
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	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: 599.05 MA			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 270			Serial	209
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	Author	Hast, M.H.
	Title	The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	J Anat	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	163	Issue		Pages	117-121
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; anatomy; histology; Cats; Comparative; study; Female; Larynx; physiology; Lions; Male; Vocal; Cords; vocalization; browse; 260
	Abstract	Dissections were made of the larynges of 14 species of the cat family, with representative specimens from all genera. It was found that the vocal folds of the larynx of genus Panthera (with the exception of the snow leopard) form the basic structure of a sound generator well- designed to produce a high acoustical energy. Combined with an efficient sound radiator (vocal tract) that can be adjusted in length, a Panthera can use its vocal instrument literally to blow its own horn with a 'roar'. Also, it is proposed that laryngeal morphology can be used as an anatomical character in mammalian taxonomy.
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8782	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 143			Serial	374
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	Author	Schaller, G.B.
	Title	On meeting a Snow Leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Animal Kingdom	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	75	Issue	1	Pages	7-13
	Keywords	Pakistan; ecology; conservation; distribution; livestock; goat; baiting; reserves; reserve; park; parks; refuge; behavior; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; 2220
	Abstract	Discusses snow leopard distribution, ecology and conservation. Describes baiting (with a domestic goat) of a snow leopard and cub in a game reserve in Northern Pakistan. Incudes a description of the Leopard killing a goat, and observations over a week when the leopards were feeding on the goat baits.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 23			Serial	861
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	Author	Zhirnov, L.; Ilyinsky, V.
	Title	The Great Gobi National Park – a refuge for rare animals of the Central Asian deserts			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	gobi; Mongolia; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; distribution; protected-area; browse; 2720
	Abstract	Discusses snow leopard distribution in Great Gobi National Park
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Centre for International Projects, GKNT	Place of Publication	Moscow	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 91			Serial	1081
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	Author	Dang, H.
	Title	The snow leopard and its prey			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1967	Publication	The Cheetal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue		Pages	47-58
	Keywords	India; predator; prey; hunting; status; distribution; kills; behavior; predation; habitat; browse; 2330
	Abstract	Discusses distribution and habitat of snow leopard in India. Estimates population of 200-400 in entire Himalayan region. Reports seventeen occasions of observing snow leopards in the wild, one involving the killing of Himalayan thar. Discusses snow leopard hunting methods and food habits, and provides evidence of predation from examination of 17 snow leopard kills.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 17			Serial	231
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	Author	Pokrovski, V.S.
	Title	The Snow Leopard Large Predators			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1976	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Soviet-Union; Russia; Ussr; behavior; ecology; captivity; zoo; zoos; distribution; conservation; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2590
	Abstract	Detailed review of snow leopard distribution and abundance, behavior, ecology,captive population and conservation measures in the Soviet Union. Estimates a snow leopard population of 300 +/- 150.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Moscow	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 35			Serial	778
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	Author	Ali, S.M.
	Title	The Cats of India			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Myforest	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	26	Issue	3	Pages	275-291
	Keywords	lion; clouded-leopard; cheetah; tiger; leopard; snow-leopard; India; Panthera-leo; Neofelis-nebylosa; Acinonyx-jubatus; Panthera-tigris; Panthera-pardus; Panthera-uncia; behavior; ecology; snow leopard; browse; panthera; uncia; pardus; clouded; leo; neofelis; nebylosa; ancinonyx; jubatus; 820
	Abstract	Describes the range, behaviour and ecology of lion Panthera leo, tiger P. tigris, leopard P. pardus, snow leopard P. uncia, clouded leopard Neofelis nebylosa and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus. -P.J.Jarvis
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 144			Serial	59
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	Author	Schaller, G.B.
	Title	Mountain Monarchs: Wild Sheep and Goats of the Himalaya (Wildlife Behavior & Ecology)			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1977	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	146-159
	Keywords	sheep; goats; Pakistan; Nepal; marking; spraying; scrapes; sprays; behavior; predator; prey; browse; 2250; mountain; wild; wild sheep; goat; Himalaya; wildlife; ecology
	Abstract	Describes snow leopard status and field observations from studies in Pakistan and Nepal. Review provides some data on snow leopard marking behavior, social relations, food habits and predator behavior.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	University of Chicago Press	Place of Publication	Chicago	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 39			Serial	864
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	Aboriginal hunting in West Nepal with reference to musk deer (Moschus moschiferous) and the snow leopard (Panthera uncia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Biol.Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	16	Issue		Pages	63-72
	Keywords	Nepal; hunting; poaching; predator; prey; browse; 3720
	Abstract	Describes local hunting methods,economics of hunting and estimated impact on snow leopard populations. Comments on conservation measures taken by government of Nepal
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 55			Serial	433
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	Author	Ahlborn, G.; Jackson, R.M.
	Title	Marking in Free-Ranging Snow Leopards in West Nepal: A preliminary assesment			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1988	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	25-49
	Keywords	Nepal; sign; markings; scrapes; spray; scat; habitat; status; behavior; browse; 1630
	Abstract	Describes and Quantifies snow leopard marking behaviour, based primarily on sign, gatherd during a four year study in Nepal. Emphasis is on scrapes and spray markings, detailing their frequency of occurence realtive to habitat characteristics and season. Both sexes mark intensively, sign abundance is associated with intensity of use, and sign is concentrated along breaks in terrain.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Snow Leopard Trust and the Wildlife Institute of India	Place of Publication	India	Editor	H.Freeman
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Shrinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 102			Serial	37
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	Author	Kitchener, S.L.; Meritt; Rosenthal, M.
	Title	Observations on the breeding and husbandry of snow leopards, Panthera uncia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Int.Zoo Yearbook	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue		Pages	212-217
	Keywords	breeding; husbandry; behavior; captivity; zoos; zoo; browse; 3640; Adult; care; biology; growth; mortality; factor; young; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; program; park
	Abstract	Describes adult care and breeding biology, and the care, growth, and mortality factors of young snow leopards in a successful breeding program in the Lincon Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 31			Serial	535
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	Author	Kolmstetter, C.; Munson, L.; Ramsay, E.C.
	Title	Degenerative spinal disease in large felids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	J Zoo Wildl Med	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	31	Issue	1	Pages	15-19
	Keywords	Age-Factors; Animal; Animals; zoo; Autopsy; veterinary; Carnivora; Female; Lions; Male; Age; factor; browse; 110
	Abstract	Degenerative spinal disorders, including intervertebral disc disease and spondylosis, seldom occur in domestic cats. In contrast, a retrospective study of 13 lions (Panthera leo), 16 tigers (Panthera tigris), 4 leopards (Panthera pardis), 1 snow leopard (Panthera uncia), and 3 jaguars (Panthera onca) from the Knoxville Zoo that died or were euthanatized from 1976 to 1996 indicated that degenerative spinal disease is an important problem in large nondomestic felids. The medical record, radiographic data, and the necropsy report of each animal were examined for evidence of intervertebral disc disease or spondylosis. Eight (three lions, four tigers, and one leopard) animals were diagnosed with degenerative spinal disease. Clinical signs included progressively decreased activity, moderate to severe rear limb muscle atrophy, chronic intermittent rear limb paresis, and ataxia. The age at onset of clinical signs was 10-19 yr (median = 18 yr). Radiographic evaluation of the spinal column was useful in assessing the severity of spinal lesions, and results were correlated with necropsy findings. Lesions were frequently multifocal, included intervertebral disc mineralization or herniation with collapsed intervertebral disc spaces, and were most common in the lumbar area but also involved cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Marked spondylosis was present in the cats with intervertebral disc disease, presumably subsequent to vertebral instability. Six of the animals' spinal cords were examined histologically, and five had acute or chronic damage to the spinal cord secondary to disc protrusion. Spinal disease should be suspected in geriatric large felids with decreased appetite or activity. Radiographic evaluation of the spinal column is the most useful method to assess the type and severity of spinal lesions.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1042-7260	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 384			Serial	545
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	Author	Suryawanshi, K.R.
	Title	*Towards snow leopard prey recovery: understanding the resource use strategies and demographic responses of bharal Pseudois nayaur* to livestock grazing and removal; Final project report**			Type	Report
	Year	2009	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-43
	Keywords	project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; recovery; resource; use; strategy; demographic; Response; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; livestock; grazing; Report; decline; wild; populations; population; Himalayan; region; Competition; threats; threat; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; study; diet; winter; Test; browse; nutrition; areas; area; young; Female; times; High; Adult; mortality; species; predators; predator; endangered; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya
	Abstract	Decline of wild prey populations in the Himalayan region, largely due to competition with livestock, has been identified as one of the main threats to the snow leopard Uncia uncia. Studies show that bharal Pseudois nayaur diet is dominated by graminoids during summer, but the proportion of graminoids declines in winter. We explore the causes for the decline of graminoids from bharal winter diet and resulting implications for bharal conservation. We test the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses, (H1) low graminoid availability caused by livestock grazing during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet, and, (H2) bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutrition, to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. Graminoid quality in winter was relatively lower than that of browse, but the difference was not statistically significant. Bharal diet was dominated by graminoids in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to bharal diet declined monotonically with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was three times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. No starvation-related adult mortalities were observed in any of the areas. Composition of bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock free areas is necessary for conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators such as the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya.
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	Notes	Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program, 2008. Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore. Post-graduate Program in Wildlife Biology and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Wildlife Conservation Society -India program, Bangalore, India.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1077			Serial	952
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