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Author |
Matyushkin, E.N. |
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Title |
Tracks and tracking techniques in studies of large carnivorous mammals |
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2000 |
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Zoologichesky Zhurnal |
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79 |
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(4) |
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412-429 |
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Lynx; Scent-Marking; Organization; population; behavior; Felidae; Forest; Russia; tracking; pug marks; scent; marking; browse; 60; Russian |
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In Russia, traditions of track observations and the use of tracking techniques in studying the ecology and behavior of mammals were founded by A.N. Formozov. An analytic review of his data on large carnivorous mammals (tiger, snow leopard, wolf, brown bear, wolverine, and others) is given. A special detailed observation of animals' tracks as a source of information on their life is shown only to start. The efficiency of track observations in various fields of studies, including counting animals, is estimated. The values of day and night distances for various animal species, given in literature, have never been properly substantiated methodically. The tracking method is the most effective in studying the use of the home range by animals, drawing the network of their movements and scent-marking behavior. The hunting behavior of large predators in dense forests is can only be deduced by observing their tracks. In some cases, the use of tracking has a distinct advantage over radio tracking. The main propositions are illustrated by the materials of the author obtained in various Russian regions (in forests of the northern Russian Plain and southern Far east) for 1958-1998. |
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Document Type: Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 391 |
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652 |
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Author |
Allabergenov E. |
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Title |
Snow leopard or ilvirs |
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Miscellaneous |
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1986 |
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1 122 (6. 013) |
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Uzbekistan; distribution; habitats; diet; behavior; snow leopard.; 5940; Russian |
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In Uzbekistan, snow leopard can be found in the Turkistan and Gissar ridges, in the mountains of Zaami, and in the Kurama, Chatkal and Ugam ridges. Here it keeps at up to 3,000 4,000 m above sea level. Snow leopard feeds upon wild ungulates ibex and sheep, and sometimes attacks livestock but never man. A brief information concerning peculiarities of snow leopard biology and behavioral patterns is provided. |
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1986 |
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Full text available in Russian Journal Title: Vecherniy Tashkent Newspaper. |
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SLN @ rana @ 573 |
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61 |
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Author |
Allabergenov E. |
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Title |
Predator that will never attack a man |
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Miscellaneous |
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1991 |
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1 207 (7. 896) |
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Uzbekistan; distribution; number; diet; behavior; snow leopard.; 5960; Russian |
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Irbis is a very endangered species in Uzbekistan. The article provides a brief description of the snow leopard appearance and distribution. Reasons for reduction of snow leopard population is reduction of ungulate populations it preys on ibex and wild sheep and anthropogenic disturbance. Hunting for snow leopard is prohibited everywhere. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Vecherniy Tashkent Newspaper |
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SLN @ rana @ 575 |
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63 |
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Ishunin G.I. |
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Irbis, or snow leopard Felis (Uncia) uncia S¤hr†b†a 1778 |
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1961 |
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Vol. 3. |
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127-131 |
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Uzbekistan; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior; practical use.; 6880; Russian |
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It describes diagnostic signs and taxonomy of snow leopard as well as its distribution, behavioral patterns and use in Uzbekistan. This predator inhabits the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkistan, and Gissar ridges. It mainly preys on ibex, and marmots, vole-mouse, and snow-cocks. Sometimes it attacks domestic sheep. Snow leopard is of low commercial value. The cost of skin is 4 roubles 70 kopecks. Only a few skins are purchased. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of the Uzbek SSR. Mammals (predators and ungulates). |
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SLN @ rana @ 666 |
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412 |
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Flerov K.K. |
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Title |
Capra sibirica, Uncia uncia uncia Erxleben |
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1935 |
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115-120 |
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Tajikistan; wild ibex; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior.; 6690; Russian |
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It describes identification signs of ibex and snow leopard; provides data concerning taxonomy, distribution and behavioral patterns of the both species. Snow leopard inhibits the mountains of Central Asia, Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans and southward to the Humalayas. In Tajikistan snow leopard is distributed in Pamir, and probably, along alpine strip of the ridges in northern Tajikistan. The sub-species status is not defined. It is known that the same type inhabits the area from the Sayans to Himalayas. Only in Tibet and highlands of Sychuan and Gansu lives a well-marked sub-species Uncia uncia uncioides Hodgson. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Tajikistan, their life and importance for man. |
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SLN @ rana @ 647 |
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278 |
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Korytin S.A. |
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Title |
Animal's behavior near attractions. Animal's reaction to chasing with dogs. Animal behavior and traps |
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Miscellaneous |
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1986 |
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49-51 |
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Cats; behavior; snow leopard.; 7300; Russian |
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It describes trophic behavior of the cat family species (lion, tiger, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, caracal, reed cat, wild cat and domestic cat), their reaction to dog-chasing and behavioral patterns when trapped. Snow leopards (Uncia uncia) sometime eat dead animals. After killing the prey they take it away. Irbis eats the carcass, half-risen on front limbs, beginning from the chest and front limbs or lower part of belly, usually not touching intestines. It eats slowly and spends a lot of time near the carcass and returns to the carcass several times. Known are cases that two snow leopards, or a snow leopard and wolf eating the prey together. Snow leopard usually keeps birds off the carcass. If a man approaches snow leopard normally goes away, sometimes putting up with his close presence. Escaping from dogs, snow leopard was seen to plunge into the river. When trapped, snow leopard rather easily surrenders to man. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Habits of wild animals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 708 |
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551 |
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Lukarevskiy V.S. |
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Peculiarities of communicative behavior of leopard, irbis, lynx, and caracal |
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Miscellaneous |
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2003 |
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200 |
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Felidae; communicative behavioral; leopard; snow leopard; Lynx; caracal.; 7600; Russian |
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It gives the description of communicative behavioral system (visual, olfactory and vocal elements) for two groups of large Felidae species such as leopard-irbis and lynx-caracal. General and specific behavioral regularities are given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference. |
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SLN @ rana @ 738 |
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627 |
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Author |
Razmakhnin V.E. |
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Title |
Siberian wild ibex |
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Miscellaneous |
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1977 |
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164-175 |
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Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian |
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It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 783 |
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810 |
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Bykova E.A. |
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Method of questionnaire design used for the collecting of primary data on threatened species with the example of snow leopard |
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2004 |
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208-214 |
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Uzbekistan; questionnaire based method; distribution; number; food; behavior; poaching; snow leopard.; 6410; Russian |
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Method of questionnaire design is used for long time successfully in the various fields of zoological research. This method is most significant for the collecting of data on threatened species. It can be applied together with standard inquest and survey methods without taking remarkable financial and temporal expenses. Such data can be assigned as the base for further planning of scientific investigations of the threatened species. In the result of survey, there were gathered 96 records of Snow Leopard and its tracks of the vital functions on Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkestan and Hissar ridges. Majority of records was made on Hissar ridge either on the area of Hissar reserve, either outside of protected area. There was collected data on distribution of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan, on its territorial and food behavior, cases and causes of poaching. As a conclusion, it seems to be rational to use the method of questionnaire design among rangers of protected areas and local inhabitants for the collecting of primary information on threatened animal species. It would be optimal to gather such data every 3-4 years that would allow receiving the fresh comparable year-by-year information. Interpretation of questionnaire data should be made with certain prudence, taking into account subjectivity of collected information. Therefore during gathering of questionnaire data it is desirable personal attendance of researcher for more accurate definition of answers on the presented questions. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Status and perspectives of the protected area network in Central Asia. |
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SLN @ rana @ 619 |
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205 |
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Lanier, D.L.; Dewsbury, D.A. |
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A quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large Felidae |
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1976 |
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Behavioural-Processes |
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327-333 |
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behavior; breeding; mating; copulation; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; reproduction; browse; 1590 |
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Observed a total of 109 copulations in 6 male-female pairs from 4 species of large Felidae. The mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for Asian leopards (Panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for African leopards (P. pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (Uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (P. onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (P. onca), and 12.4 sec for Siberian tigers (P. tigris). Behavioral patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. Whereas domestic cats are reported to assume a neck grip and to tread prior to insertion, these larger Felidae generally did so after intromission had been achieved. After copulation, females of some pairs swiped at the male and displayed a rolling after-reaction. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) |
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Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV. |
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SLN @ rana @ 32 |
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610 |
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