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	Author	Zhiryakov V.A.
	Title	Ecology and behavior of the Snow leopard in Kazakhstan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	N 1-4.	Issue		Pages	184-199
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; distribution; number; density; population size; habitats; marking; Migration; diet; prey species; hunting; faeces; Sex; Age; population dynamics; reproductive activity; competitors; mortality; snow leopard.; 8810; Russian
	Abstract	The data on spreading, numbers and population density of snow leopard in Kazakhstan are given in this article. The total number of the snow leopard in Kazakhstan is evaluated in 100-110 individuals. The everywhere occurred numbers' reduction under the influence of the anthropogenic factors is observed. The snow leopard' inhabitation area varies from 20 to 120 square kilometers depending on its regions. Sex and composition of the population and its aggregative behavior are given. The dynamics of numbers and mortality are estimated.
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian.Journal Title: Selevinia. The zoological journal of Kazakhstan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 858			Serial	1087
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	Author	Oli, M.K.; Taylor, I.R.; Rogers, M.K.
	Title	Diet of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of Zoology London	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	231	Issue	3	Pages	365-370
	Keywords	predation; scats; prey; Nepal; blue-sheep; marmot; yaks; pika; livestock; diet; blue; sheep; browse; 770
	Abstract	The diet of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) was studied from 213 scats collected between April 1990 and February 1991 in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Seven species of wild and five species of domestic mammals were taken, as well as an unidentified mammal and birds. Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) were the most frequently eaten prey. Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) were also important, except in winter when they were hibernating. During winter, snow leopards ate more Royle's pika (Ochotona roylei) and domestic livestock. Yaks were eaten more frequently than other livestock types.
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	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: QL1 .J879			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 206			Serial	744
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	Author	Wegge, P., Shrestha, R., Flagstad, O.
	Title	Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation on livestock and wild prey in a mountain valley in northern Nepal: implications for conservation management			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Wildlife Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	18	Issue	10.2981/11-049	Pages	131-141
	Keywords	bharal, blue sheep, diet, genetic sampling, naur, Panthera uncia, predation, Pseudois nayaur, scat analysis, snow leopard, wildlife conflict
	Abstract	The globally endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia is sparsely distributed throughout the rugged mountains in Asia. Its habit of preying on livestock poses a main challenge to management. In the remote Phu valley in northern Nepal, we obtained reliable information on livestock losses and estimated predator abundance and diet composition from DNA analysis and prey remains in scats. The annual diet consisted of 42%livestock. Among the wild prey, bharal (blue sheep/ naur) Pseudois nayaur was by far the most common species (92%). Two independent abundance estimates suggested that there were six snow leopards in the valley during the course of our study. On average, each snow leopard killed about one livestock individual and two bharal permonth. Predation loss of livestock estimated fromprey remains in scats was 3.9%, which was in concordance with village records (4.0%). From a total count of bharal, the only large natural prey in the area and occurring at a density of 8.4 animals/km2 or about half the density of livestock, snow leopards were estimated to harvest 15.1% of the population annually. This predation rate approaches the natural, inherent recruitment rate of this species; in Phu the proportion of kids was estimated at 18.4%. High livestock losses have created a hostile attitude against the snow leopard and mitigation measures are needed. Among innovative management schemes now being implemented throughout the species’ range, compensation and insurance programmes coupled with other incentive measures are encouraged, rather than measures to reduce the snow leopard’s access to livestock. In areas like the Phu valley, where the natural prey base consists mainly of one ungulate species that is already heavily preyed upon, the latter approach, if implemented, will lead to increased predation on this prey, which over time may suppress numbers of both prey and predator.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1386
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	Author	Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A.
	Title	Management and husbandry of the snow leopard Uncia uncia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	International Zoo Yearbook	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	35	Issue		Pages	139-147
	Keywords	breeding; captive-management; diet; enclosures; housing; husbandry; nutrition; veterinary-care; zoo; browse; veterinary; care; captive; management; 1290
	Abstract	The international studbook for the Snow leopard Uncia uncia was established in 1976. The species has been the focus of intensive captive management and as at 1 January 1992, 541 animals were maintained at 160 collections. This paper gives an overview of the diet, housing, breeding and captive management of the species with specific reference to animals maintained in North American collections. A summary of veterinary care reported in the Snow leopard captive-management survey is also given.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 331			Serial	1018
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	Author	Sapozhnikov G.N.
	Title	Wild sheep in Tajikistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1976	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	199 p.
	Keywords	Tajikistan; urial; argali; taxonomy; morphology; variability; life history characteristics; distribution; number; diet; behavior; parasites; predators; snow leopard.; 8060; Russian
	Abstract	The monograph provides data concerning taxonomy, morphology, and age variability of wild sheep. There described distribution, number, population composition, behavioral patterns, reproduction, predators and parasites. Besides, a matter of conservation and sustainable use of the species is discussed. Together with wolf, snow leopard is called an enemy of O. o. vignei and argali (O. o. polii).
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 784			Serial	845
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	Author	Shrestha, R.; Wegge, P.; Koirala, R.A.
	Title	Summer diets of wild and domestic ungulates in Nepal Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	266	Issue		Pages	111-119
	Keywords	argali; blue sheep; Capra hircus; diet; faecal analysis; fecal analysis; mountain ungulates; Ovis ammon hodgsoni; pseudois nayaur
	Abstract	The selection of summer forage by three sympatric ungulates in the Damodar Kunda region of upper Mustang in north Nepal was studied to assess the extent of food overlap between them. To compare their diets, a microhistological technique of faecal analysis was used, adjusted for inherent biases by comparing it with bite-count data obtained in domestic goats. Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni, naur (blue sheep or bharal) Pseudois nayaur and domestic goat Capra hircus consumed mostly forbs, graminoids and browse, respectively. The proportions of food items in their diets were significantly different both at the plant species (P<0.02) and at the forage category level (P<0.001). Except for sharing three common plants (Agrostis sp., Stipa sp. and Potentilla fruticosa), dietary overlap at the species level was quite low. At the forage category level, naur and domestic goat overlapped more than the other ungulate pairs. Although all three species were opportunistic, mixed feeders, argali was a more selective forb specialist grazer than the other two ungulates. Owing to some spatial separation and little dietary overlap, interspecific competition for summer forage was low. If animal densities increase, however, goats are expected to compete more with naur than with argali because of their more similar diets. Owing to differences in forage selection by argali and naur throughout their large geographical ranges, reflecting adaptations to local ecological conditions, inferences regarding forage competition between domestic livestock and these two wild caprins need to be made from local, site-specific studies, rather than from general diet comparisons.
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	Publisher	The Zoological Society of London	Place of Publication	London	Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 934			Serial	888
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	Author	Anwar, M., Jackson, R., Nadeem, M., Janecka, J., Hussain, S., Beg, M., Muhammad, G., and Qayyum, M.
	Title	Food habits of the snow leopard Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) in Baltistan, Northern Pakistan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	European Journal of Wildlife Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	3 March	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	Himalayas, Karakoram, Scat, Diet, Hair, Livestock, Biomass
	Abstract	The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the high, remote mountains of Pakistan from where very little information is available on prey use of this species. Our study describes the food habits of the snow leopard in the Himalayas and Karakoram mountain ranges in Baltistan, Pakistan. Ninety-five putrid snow leopard scats were collected from four sites in Baltistan. Of these, 49 scats were genetically confirmed to have originated from snow leopards. The consumed prey was identified on the basis of morphological characteristics of hairs recovered from the scats. It was found that most of the biomass consumed (70%) was due to domestic livestock viz. sheep (23%), goat (16%), cattle (10%), yak (7%), and cattle–yak hybrids (14%). Only 30% of the biomass was due to wild species, namely Siberian ibex (21%), markhor (7%), and birds (2%). Heavy predation on domestic livestock appeared to be the likely cause of conflict with the local inhabitants. Conservation initiatives should focus on mitigating this conflict by minimizing livestock losses.
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	Publisher	Springer Berlin / Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1612-4642	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1304
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	Author	Chundawat, R.S.; Rawat G.S.
	Title	Food Habits of Snow Leopard in Ladakh, India			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	11
	Keywords	India; Ladakh; behavior; predator; prey; livestock; blue-sheep; ibex; ungulates; marmots; parks; refuge; protected-area; reserves; diet; habitat; scat; kills; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; 970
	Abstract	The snow leopard has remained little studied in the past, and most of the information available is either in the form of natural history or anecdotal notes. The inaccessibility of the terrain and its secretive habits make this one of the more difficult animals to study in the wild. In the past decade, several ecological surveys were conducted in India, Nepal, China and Mongolia, which gave us information on the status and distribution of snow leopard (Jackson, Mallon, Fox, Schaller, Chundawat) A detailed study in Nepal through light on its secretive habits ( Jackson and Ahlborn, 1989). Even then little is known about its feeding habits. The present paper discusses this aspect from a study which was part of a detailed study conducted on the ecology of snow leopard in India from October 1987 to Feburary 1990.
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	Notes	full text available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 305			Serial	223
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	Author	Aromov B.
	Title	The Biology of the Snow Leopard in the Hissar Nature Reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1995	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	108-109
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; snow leopard; Hissar ridge; Hissar nature reserve; number; diet; breeding.; 6070; Russian; work; Data; biology; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; nature; reserve; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; times; tracks; pugmarks; Feed; ibex; kills; kill; Age; records; predation; Case; horses; horse; marmot; Himalayan; domestic; goat; wild; wild boar; sheep; Cattle; attack
	Abstract	The work contains data on biology snow leopard in Hissar nature reserve, Uzbekistan. The number of snow leopards in this reserve has increased from two or four in 1981 to between 13 and 17 individuals in 1994. Since 1981, snow leopards have been sighted 72 times and their tracks or pugmarks 223 times. In the Hissar Nature Reserve snow leopards largely feed on ibex. Over a period of 14 years, 92 kills and remains of ibex aged from one to thirteen years of age have been examined. Other records of predation, by the number of events observed, include 33 cases of juvenile and mature horses, 25 long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata). 18 Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayemis), 17 domestic goat, 13 wild boar (Sus scrofa), five domestic sheep and three incidents involving cattle. Twenty-two attacks on domestic flocks were reported, and these occurred during both the daytime and at night. Snow leopards usually mate between the 20th of February and March 20th. The offspring are born in late April to May, and there are usually two per litter (23 encounters), although a single litter of three has also been recorded.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceeding of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 586			Serial	99
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	Author	Bekenov A.B.
	Title	Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1989	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Part1. Vertebrate animals.	Issue		Pages	149
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; life history; diet.; 6210; Russian
	Abstract	There is one subspecies U.u.uncia in Kazakhstan. It is distributed in the Tien Shan, Djungar Ala-Tau, Tarbagatai, Saur, South Altai, and preys mainly on ibex, roe deer, argali, and marmots. Its litter consists of one to five cubs (normally two three). Female bears once in two years.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Book of gene pool of the Kazakh SSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 599			Serial	126
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