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Author Jackson, R., Hillard, D. url 
  Title Non-invasive Monitoring to Support Local Stewardship of Snow Leopards and Their Prey: Annual progress report summary Type Report
  Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-6  
  Keywords  
  Abstract (down) Under this grant awarded by The Leonard X. Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Foundation through the auspices of Cat Action Treasury, SLC set out to accomplish the following outcomes in our Stewardship Program:

As of July 1, 2003 we completed the following major activities:

* Tested and compared different remote sensor and camera configurations to determine which is most reliable at “capturing” passing snow leopards;

* Investigated sampling strategies and camera trap placement with respect to snow leopard travel patterns and marking behavior;

* Compared different survey methods: direct (non-invasive capture of photos and DNA material contained in hairs), and indirect (sign transects and presence/absence surveys under the standard SLIMS protocol);

* Assessed the attitude of local people toward snow leopards, wolves and other wildlife as well as their perceptions of benefits and costs associated with the Hemis National Park, in order to craft more effective conservation and park management measures.

These activities mesh with SLC’s ongoing program of predator-proofing livestock corrals in settlements of the Hemis National Park, as well as outside protected areas (including Zanskar, Lingshed and Kanji. For each village’s corrals that are improved, we estimate that five or more snow leopards are saved from retaliatory killing by shepherds who lose valuable livestock.

Our program in assisting villagers to gain supplementary income from tourism-related activities is gaining strength, with trainings in 10 settlements this spring. SLC brought staff of KCC, the Khangchenjunga Conservation Committee, a local NGO based in Sikkim to assist in the skills training and to exchange ideas and experiences from other areas.

Following on from the groundwork laid during the first Bosack-Kruger grant to SLC, we launched a major initiative in collaboration with the Mountain Institute, the Himalayan Homestay program. Funding for this is being provided by UNESCO.

For further information on these and other snow leopard conservation efforts, see our newly designed web-page.

The following paragraphs summarize our accomplishments to date, supported by this grant. For detailed information, please consult the following reports, which are being mailed under separate cover:

1) “Local People’s Attitudes toward Wildlife Conservation in Hemis National Park with Special Reference to the Conservation of Large Predators” (prepared by Rodney Jackson, Rinchen Wangchuk and Jigmet Dadul)

2) “Non-Invasive Monitoring to Support Stewardship of Snow Leopards and Their Prey:

Evaluation of Remote Camera Traps for Censusing Snow Leopards” (prepared by Rodney Jackson and Jerry Roe).
 
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  Notes Submitted to: The Leonard X. Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Charitable Foundation; submitted by the Snow Leopard Conservancy Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1337  
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Author WWF Mongolia url 
  Title Mobile Training Team Report on Strengthening of Cooperation/Partnership among Law Enforcement Agencies for Reduction and Elimination of Environmental Violations and Crimes Type Report
  Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-40  
  Keywords  
  Abstract (down) Under a joint Decision No: 102/132 by Minister of Justice and Internal Affairs (Ts. Munkh-orgil) and Minister of Nature and Environment (G. Shiilegdamba) dated on April 03, 2008 (Annex1), mobile training “Increased Participation of Law Enforcement Agencies in Reduction of Illegal Wildlife Product Trade” for law enforcement agencies was organized with WWF funding on 11-25 April, 2008. Training was organized in border points in Borshoo in Uvs Aimag, Tsagaan Nuur of Bayan-ulgii Aimag, Yarant in Khovd Aimag and Burgastai in Govi-altai Aimag. This mobile training was jointly organized by the Crime Prevention Coordination Council of the Ministry of Justice and Internal Affairs, the Frontier Defense Department of Frontier Troop Headquarter Management Board of General Office of Frontier Inspection of General Office of Frontier Defense, the State Frontier Specialized Agency at the SSIA, the General Police Office, University of Customs Economics, and Mongolian National Committee of CITES, WWF Mongolia, local office (Uvs Aimag) of Community based Biodiversity Conservation of Altai Sayan Eco-Region Project, and anti-poaching team “Ireves”. Overall, training was focused on how to detect and arrest illegal network of wildlife and its product trades, how to take preventive measures from such illegal actions, and how the law enforcement agencies should cooperate. While trainers tried to teach the topics in simple and clear understandable ways as much as possible, trainees endeavored how to get common understanding on the aspects and assist in decision making concerning the respective illegal actions.

This report entirely covers the results of training on increased participation of law enforcement agencies, particularly the law enforcement agencies operating in the vicinity of State border areas in reduction and elimination of illegal wildlife and its products. As a campaign “Prevention from environmental violations” was announced in April, 2008, some other public events e.g. workshops and seminars, and open forum discussions on national television were jointly organized with local offices of the National Committee of Crime Prevention in the Uvs, Khovd, and Govi-altai Aimags, where training was held. Training organized at the State border points (4) abovementioned was attended by over 120 individuals and workshops and discussions held in Uvs, Khovd, Bayan-ulgii and Govi-altai Aimags were attended by about 110 participants. One of advantages of training and discussions was that they were open to multiple parties/stakeholders and enabled them to learn more and exchange their views/opinions as well as cooperate.
 
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  Corporate Author WWF Mongolia Thesis  
  Publisher WWF Mongolia Place of Publication Mongolia Editor  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1103  
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Author Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Chundawat R.S.; Marden; Nui, Y. url 
  Title Preliminary Study on the Habitat Selection of Uncia uncia Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2006 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 23 Issue Pages 471-473  
  Keywords study; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Chinese; research; large; species; extinction; Felidae; central; mountains; mountain; Xinjiang; Tianshan Mountains; Altay; national; nature; reserve; fieldwork; sign; grazing; status; Test; analysis; primary; factor; topography; valley  
  Abstract (down) Uncia uncia is one of the rare large species on the brink of extinction in Felidae in the world, and inhabit only the Central Asian mountains. It is said that there are currently only 4500-7300 Uncia uncia surviving. During the period from September 2004 to July 2005, the habitat selection of Uncia uncia was investigated in some mountains in Xinjiang, including the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Beita Mountains, Altay Mounts and Mount Tumor National Nature Reserve. In several months of fieldwork, we got 171 sign samples of Uncia uncia and 123 random samples in total. Five habitat features, i.e., the elevation, topographic features, vegetation type, grazing status and ruggedness, are selected to compare the difference of selectivity of the Uncia uncia habitat selection. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test and the binomial test are used to check the significance of Uncia uncia habitat selection, and the principal component analysis is used to find the primary factors in in the selection. The result s are as follows : (1) Uncia uncia selected all kinds of the habitat types , especially the elevation , topography , vegetation types and ruggedness ; (2) Ruggedness and the vegetation types are the preliminary factors for the habitat selection. Topography is the secondary factor ; (3) Uncia uncia prefer to inhabit in the rugged habitat s with moderate shrubberies , and they also like to leave signs in valley bottoms rather than hillsides.  
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  Notes Full text available in ChineseName of periodical: Arid Zone Research Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 871 Serial 1036  
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Author Bekenov A.B. url 
  Title About the IUCN categories and criteria for animals inclusion in Red Data Books and lists (project INTAS 99-1483) Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 67-71  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; Red Data book; categories of threat; assessment; snow leopard.; 6220; Russian  
  Abstract (down) Uncia uncia in Kazakhstan is defined as EN C 2a(i); D1. The International Red List (2000) attributes this species to EN C 2a, which is an example of concurrence in the assessments at regional and global levels.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological studies in Kazakhstan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 600 Serial 127  
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Author Schmidt, R.E.; Eisenbrandt, D.L.; Hubbard, G.B. url 
  Title Tyzzer's disease in snow leopards Type Journal Article
  Year 1984 Publication J Comp Pathol Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 94 Issue 1 Pages 165-167  
  Keywords Animal; Animals; Newborn; zoo; Bacillus; Bacterial; Infections; pathology; veterinary; Carnivora; Liver; browse; 330  
  Abstract (down) Tyzzer's disease was diagnosed histologically in 2 litters of newborn snow leopard kittens. The gross and histological lesions were similar to those reported in domestic cats and other animals. No signs of illness was noted in either of the snow leopard dams.  
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  ISSN 0021-9975 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 67 Serial 875  
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Author Barnett, K.C.; Lewis, J.C.M. url 
  Title Multiple ocular colobomas in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2002 Publication Veterinary Ophthalmology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 5 Issue Pages 197-199  
  Keywords captive; Coloboma; cub; eyelid; ocular fundus; snow leopard; Uncia uncia  
  Abstract (down) Two singleton female snow leopard cubs are reported with bilateral central upper lid colobomas. In addition, one cub had a coloboma of the fundus in one eye extending from the lower optic disc region. Surgical treatment by wedge resection was successful in both cases. Details of ocular colobomas in the other snow leopards reported in the literature are described and it is suggested that the exact etiology of the condition in this species may be discovered by further study of similar colobomas in the domestic cat.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 913 Serial 119  
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Author Schaller, G.B. url 
  Title On the behaviour of Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaur) Type Journal Article
  Year 1972 Publication Journal of Bombay Natural Historical Society Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 69 Issue Pages 523-537  
  Keywords predator; prey; hunting; scat; blue-sheep; Nepal; blue; sheep; browse; 2230  
  Abstract (down) Two or three snow leopards hunted in the study area in eastern Nepal. Describes content of some snow leopard scat  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 24 Serial 862  
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Author Abdunazarov B.B. url 
  Title A role of the Hissar nature reserve in conservation of rare and endangered animals Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1995 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 126  
  Keywords Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; vertebrates; snow leopard; 5810; Russian  
  Abstract (down) Two amphibian species, 11 reptiles, 205 bird species (52 percent of which are nesting species) and 32 mammal species were reported to inhabit the Hissar nature reserve. The following rare species were recorded to inhabit the nature reserve: Tien Shan brown bear, Central Asian otter, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, black stork, golden eagle, bearded vulture, black vulture, Himalayan griffon, saker falcon, and Central Asian cobra.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The organism and environment. Materials of the second national symposium. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 561 Serial 26  
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Author Fix, A.S.; Riordan, D.P.; Hill, H.T.; Gill, M.A.; Evans, M.B.   
  Title Feline panleukopena virus and subsequent canine-distemper virus infection in two snow leopards (Panthera uncia) Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 273-281  
  Keywords diagnosis; fecal; Fpv; leukemia; panleukopenia; panthera uncia; snow leopard; therapy; vaccination; veterinary; Virus; zoo  
  Abstract (down) Two adult snow leopards (Panthera uncia), male and female, both with vaccinations current, became infected with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) at the Blank Park Zoo, Des Moines, Iowa, in late 1988. Clinical signs included weakness, hemorrhagic feces, fever, seizures, and nasal discharge. Blood analysis revealed severe lymphopenia and mild anemia. A positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for FPV on fecal contents from the male leopard confirmed the diagnosis. In spite of intensive therapy, both animals died. Necropsy of the female, which survived for 1 wk after onset of signs, revealed intestinal crypt necrosis, pulmonary consolidation, necrotizing laryngitis, and diffuse lymphoid depletion. The male leopard, which lived 3 wk after onset of illness, had similar enteric and lymphoid lesions. In addition, there was a severe interstitial pneumonia, with syncytial cells containing eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Ultrastructural characteristics of these inclusions featured tubular structures consistent with a paramyxovirus. Although repeated virus isolation attempts from the affected lung were negative, polyclonal and monoclonal fluorescent antibody tests were strongly positive for canine distemper virus (CDV). Frozen paired sera from each leopard demonstrated very high acute and convalescing titers to FPV; both animals also seroconverted to CDV, with titers in the male leopard higher than those in the female. Additional tests for toxoplasmosis, feline infectious peritonitis, feline rhinotracheitis, feline calicivirus, feline leukemia, canine parainfluenza, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were all negative. The neurologic signs present in these leopards remained unexplained, but may have been attributable to CDV infection. A feral cat trapped on zoo property had feces positive for FPV by ELISA. Although the specific contributions of FPV and CDV toward the development of this case are unknown, it is likely that initial FPV-induced immunosuppression allowed the subsequent development of CDV in these snow leopards. The likelihood that initial FPV infection came from feral cats underscores the importance of feral animal control on zoo premises.  
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  Notes Addresses:FIX AS, IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,VET DIAGNOST LAB,AMES,IA 50011BLANK PK ZOO,DES MOINES,IA 50315NORDEN LABS INC,LINCOLN,NE 68501NATL VET SERV LABS,AMES,IA 50010 Publisher:AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS, MEDIA Connective Phrase: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 147 Serial 277  
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Author Lovari, S., Boesi, R., Minder, I., Mucci, N., Randi, E., Dematteis, A., and Ale, S. B. url 
  Title Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a human-altered ecosystem: the return of the snow leopard to Sagarmatha National Park Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Animal Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 12 Issue Pages 559-570  
  Keywords conservation, food habits, genetics, Hemitragus jemlahicus, Himalayan tahr, management, microsatellite, predation, presence, scat, scat analysis, snow leopard, Uncia uncia  
  Abstract (down) Twenty-five years ago, the snow leopard Uncia uncia, an endangered large cat, was eliminated from what is now Sagarmatha National Park (SNP). Heavy hunting pressure depleted that area of most medium-large mammals, before it became a park. After three decades of protection, the cessation of hunting and the recovery of wild ungulate populations, snow leopards have recently returned (four individuals). We have documented the effects of the return of the snow leopard on the population of its main wild prey, the Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus, a 'near-threatened' caprin. Signs of snow leopard presence were recorded and scats were collected along a fixed trail (130 km) to assess the presence and food habits of the snow leopard in the Park, from 2004 to 2006. Himalayan tahr, the staple of the diet, had a relative occurrence of 48% in summer and 37% in autumn, compared with the next most frequent prey, musk deer Moschus chrysogaster (summer: 20%; autumn: 15%) and cattle (summer: 15%; autumn: 27%). In early summer, the birth rate of tahr (young-to-female ratio: 0.8-0.9) was high. The decrease of this ratio to 0.1-0.2 in autumn implied that summer predation concentrated on young tahr, eventually altering the population by removing the kid cohort. Small populations of wild Caprinae, for example the Himalayan tahr population in SNP, are sensitive to stochastic predation events and may be led to almost local extinction. If predation on livestock keeps growing, together with the decrease of Himalayan tahr, retaliatory killing of snow leopards by local people may be expected, and the snow leopard could again be at risk of local extinction. Restoration of biodiversity through the return of a large predator has to be monitored carefully, especially in areas affected by humans, where the lack of important environmental components, for example key prey species, may make the return of a predator a challenging event.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1122  
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