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Author Vyrypaev V.A.
Title The influence of sarcoptosis on the population of Capra sibirica Pall. in Western Tien Shan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. II. Issue Pages 292-293
Keywords Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; Chatkal nature reserve; sarcoptosis; predators; snow leopard.; 8560; Russian
Abstract (up) Given is data concerning disease (sarcoptosis) of Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica) in Western Tien Shan. The carriers of the disease are adult males of Capra sibirica during distant migrations that as a rule take place in anticipation of snowy winters or owing to human influence. Ibexes are not merely infected with sarcoptosis but perish enmasse from the disease. In the first year the disease strikes down, in the main, migrants – adult males. Predators including snow leopard kill the weakened animals. During the recent five years the density of Carpa sibirica at the Chatkal Mountain-Forest Reservation dropped 2.3-fold as a result of sarcoptosis and owing to the migrations caused by the reduction of the population. Is recommended: 1. Stringent veterinary control at places of possible contacts between infected domestic animals and healthy wild ungulates. 2. Using modern technology migration routes of ungulates should be studied for elaborating effective measures of quarantine.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of First Unternational Theriological Congress. Moscow. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 833 Serial 996
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Tsherbakov B.V.
Title About rare and endangered mammal species in the East Kazakhstan region Type Miscellaneous
Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 203-204
Keywords Kazakhstan; Eastern Kazakhstan province; distribution; number; rare species; snow leopard.; 8400; Russian
Abstract (up) Given is data concerning numbers and distribution of yellow lemming on the Korjun cape and in the Karakas tract; dhole in the tundra zoneof the Azu-Tau ridge (South Alati) between Matabay and Urunkhaikoy, in the Salkanchok mountains; concering an encounter with snow leopard (March 25, 1981) in the upper river Bukhtarma near eastern extremity of the South Altai ridge, and argali in the mountain group Kalby-Baicha, the Taldy, Koktau, Monraka mountains (an area between Kusty and Kizil-Gain), near summit Shorbas.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and its conservation problems. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 818 Serial 972
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Munkhtsog, B.
Title Autumn Habitat Selection by Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in Beita Mountain, Xinjiang, China Type Miscellaneous
Year 2006 Publication Zoological Research Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 221-224
Keywords habitat; Habitat selection; selection; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; mountain; Xinjiang; China; Chinese; Altay; mountain system; system; 30; transects; transect; surveys; survey; study; area; analysis; primary; factor; 200; 600; Base; valley; Forest; region; south; grazing; status; topography
Abstract (up) Habitat selection of Snow Leopard ( Unica unica) in Beita Mountain of the Altay Mountain system in northeast Xinjiang was conducted from September to October 2004. Six habitat features of 59 sites used by Snow Leopard and 30 random plots were measured by locating 15 transects surveys in the study area . Vanderploge and Scaviaps selectivity index was used to assess Snow Leopardps selection for the different habitat parameters. Principal Component Analysis was used as the primary factor . The results indicated that Snow Leopard preferred the altitude between 2000 – 2 200 m and avoided 2 600 – 3 000 m ; selected cliff base , ridgeline and avoided hillside and valley bottom ; utilized the shrub and rejected the forest ; selected the nongrazing area and avoided the slightly broken region ; preferred north orientation and rejected the south orientation. The results show that grazing status , vegetation type , topography and the ruggedness are the primary factors for the habitat selection of Snow Leopard.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in Chinese Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 872 Serial 1039
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Author Koshkarev E.P.
Title Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection Type Miscellaneous
Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 100 p.
Keywords Kyzgyzstan; snow leopard; life-history; distribution; habitats; number; diet; behavior; conservation measures.; 7240; Russian
Abstract (up) Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 702 Serial 558
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Novikov L.K.
Title Mammals Type Miscellaneous
Year 1972 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 20-24
Keywords Uzbekistan; protected areas; Chatkal nature reserve; mammals; snow leopard.; 7770; Russian
Abstract (up) History of establishment of the nature reserves in Uzbekistan, climate, flora and fauna are described. Status of mammals in Chatkal nature reserve is described. Here inhabited marten, weasel, ermine, badger, brown bear, wild ibex and snow leopard.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protected areas of Uzbekistan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 755 Serial 727
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Author Yazan Yu.P.
Title The Almaty state nature reserve Type Miscellaneous
Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 162-164
Keywords Kazakhstan; Almaty nature reserve; establishment; climate; physiographic factors; plants; Animals; insects; reptiles; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 8590; Russian
Abstract (up) History of the Alma-Ata nature reserve establishment, its location physical and geographic data, climate, and vegetation zones are described. Fauna of the protected area is represented by 64 mammal species, and about 200 bird species. Briefly described are behavioural patterns of roe deer, moral, wild boar, Siberian ibex, snow leopard, lynx, brown bear, and marten, and other mammals of the mountainous area.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 836 Serial 1058
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Kadamshoev M.
Title Establishment of highland nature reserves required Type Miscellaneous
Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Part 1. Issue Pages 227-228
Keywords Tajikistan; Pamir; Mountain Badakhshan; nature reserves; endemics; rare species; snow leopard; tourism.; 7030; Russian
Abstract (up) Human population growth in the Mountain Badakhshan autonomous province will result in changes of wild life habitat. The first highland nature reserve (Muksu river basin) is proposed to be established within the habitat of Marco Polo sheep, Siberian ibex, Tien Shan brown bear, snow leopard, Himalayan and Tibetan snow-cock, bar-headed goose, bearded and Himalayan vultures. The Mountain Badakhshan nature reserve will serve as a reference for other highland landscapes of the USSR, a `fiduciary' of gene bank containing valuable endemic, rare, and endangered animal and plant species.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 681 Serial 509
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Oli, M.K.
Title Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: prey ratio Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Journal of Mammalogy Abbreviated Journal
Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 998-1004
Keywords Nepal; blue-sheep; prey; livestock; predation; blue; sheep; browse; 740; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; blue sheep; densities; density; predator
Abstract (up) I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predator-prey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 10-5-km-2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km-2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6 10.2 sheep/km-2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km-2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diel of snow leopards Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard: blue sheep ratio was 1:114-1:159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Document Type: English Call Number: 599.05 JO Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 236 Serial 746
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Author Oli, M.
Title Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: Prey ratio Type Miscellaneous
Year 1994 Publication Journal of Mammalogy Abbreviated Journal
Volume 75 Issue Pages 998-1004
Keywords snow leopard,Panthera uncia,blue sheep,Pseudois nayaur,density,predator:prey ratio,harvest rate,livestock predation,Nepal
Abstract (up) I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predatorprey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 105-km2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6-10.2 sheep/km2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diet of snow leopards. Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard :blue sheep ratio was 1 :1 14-1 :159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 894 Serial 741
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author McCarthy, T.M.; Chapron, G.
Title Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Type Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords snow leopard; survival; threats; conservation; action; research; 5350
Abstract (up) I. SNOW LEOPARD: REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND STATUS

This Snow Leopard Survival Strategy (SLSS) was undertaken to provide comprehensive conservation and research guidelines to ensure a range-wide coordinated effort in the fi ght to save the endangered snow leopard and had the following specific goals:  Assess and prioritize threats to snow leopard survival on a geographic basis.

 Defi ne and prioritize conservation, education, and policy measures appropriate to alleviate threats.

 Prioritize subjects for snow leopard research and identify viable or preferred research methods.

 Build a network of concerned scientists and conservationists to facilitate open dialogue and cross-border cooperation.

 Gain consensus on a fundamental Snow Leopard Survival Strategy document that will be made available to the range states to aid conservation planning at national and local levels.

The highly participatory process started with a survey of specialists designed to gather information on perceived threats to snow leopards, appropriate actions to address threats, knowledge gaps, protected area status, policy and law issues, impediments to achieving conservation of snow leopards, and cultural relevance of snow leopards. Drafts of a Strategy were circulated and then the Snow Leopard Survival Summit was convened in Seattle, USA from 21-26 May 2002 and was attended by 58 of the specialists to debate issues and refi ne the Strategy. This SLSS document is the end product of that process. Background on the snow leopard The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a member of the Felidae subfamily Pantherinae and on the basis of morphology and behavior it is placed alone in a separate genus. They are found in 12 countries across Central Asia (China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Mongolia). China contains as much as 60% of the snow leopard's potential habitat. Inaccessible and difficult terrain, along with the secretive nature of this rare cat helps account for the fact that large parts of its range have yet to be surveyed. Between 4,500 and 7,350 snow leopards are thought to occur within a total potential habitat area of 1,835,000 km2. Snow leopards are generally solitary and mating usually occurs between late January and midMarch, and one to five cubs are born after a gestation period of 93 to 110 days, generally in June or July. Snow leopards are closely associated with the alpine and subalpine ecological zones, preferring broken, rocky terrain with vegetation that is dominated by shrubs or grasses. Home range size and shape is not well known. The home range size of five snow leopards in prime habitat in Nepal ranged from 12 to 39 km2, with substantial overlap between individuals and sexes. In Mongolia, where food resources may be scarcer, home ranges of both males and females exceeded 400 km2. Snow leopards are opportunistic predators capable of killing prey up to three times their own weight. They will also take small prey such as marmot or chukar partridge. In general, their most commonly taken prey consists of wild sheep and goats

(including blue sheep, Asian ibex, markhor, and argali). Adult snow leopards kill a large prey animal every 10-15 days, and remained on the kill for an average of 3-4 days, and sometimes up to a week. Predation on livestock can be significant, which often results in retribution killing by herders. Snow Leopards are listed as Endangered on the

IUCN Red List in that they do not meet the standards of Critically Endangered but are projected to decline by 50% or more over next 3 generations due to potential levels of exploitation (trade in pelts/bones and conflict with

livestock), and due to declining: 1) area of occupancy, 2) extent of occurrence, and 3) quality of habitat (prey depletion). They appear in Appendix I of both CITES and the Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of

Wild Animals (CMS). Snow Leopards are protected nationally over most of its range, with the probable exception of Afghanistan. However, in some countries the relevant legislation may not always be very effective, e.g. because penalties are too low to function as deterrent, or they contain some significant loopholes.

II. THREATS AND CONSERVATION ACTIONS

Regional Assessment

This document attempts to list and discuss the threats, conservation actions and information needs pertinent to snow leopard survival. However, these vary substantially across the vast extent of snow leopard range, so no prescription will be universally applicable. We used a regional approach and for purposes of grouping areas where conditions may be similar, we looked at geography, political boundaries, cultural/religious influences, and rural livelihoods. Within that framework we defined four broad regions:

 Himalaya (HIMLY),

 Karakorum/Hindu Kush (KK/HK),

 Commonwealth of Independent States and W. China (CISWC),

 The Northern Range of Russia, Mongolia and N. China (NRANG) SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY

Threats to Snow Leopard Survival

A key component of the SLSS process was to identify threats to long-term snow leopard survival across their range. The following list is the result of extensive consultations with stakeholders in Asia and the expert group at the SLSS Summit. Threats are grouped into four broad categories 1) Habitat and Prey related, 2) Direct Killing of Snow Leopards, 3) Policy and Awareness, and 4) Other Issues.

List of Threats

Category 1: Habitat and Prey Related

1.1 Habitat Degradation and Fragmentation

1.2 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Illegal Hunting

1.3 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Legal Hunting

1.4 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Competition with Livestock

1.5 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Disease

1.6 Fencing that Disrupts Natural Migration

Category 2: Direct Killing or Removal of Snow Leopards

2.1 Killing of Snow Leopards in Retribution for Livestock depredation

2.2 Poaching Snow Leopards for Trade in Hides or Bones

2.3 Museum Collection of Live Animals

2.4 Traditional Hunting of Snow Leopards

2.5 Secondary Poisoning and Trapping of Snow Leopards

2.6 Diseases of Snow Leopards

Category 3: Policy and Awareness

3.1 Lack of Appropriate Policy

3.2 Lack of Effective Enforcement

3.3 Lack of Trans-boundary Cooperation

3.4 Lack of Institutional Capacity

3.5 Lack of Awareness among Local People

3.6 Lack of Awareness among Policy Makers

Category 4: Other Issues

4.1 War and Related Military Activities

4.2 Climate Change

4.3 Human Population Growth and Poverty (indirect threat)

Potential Actions to Address Threats

Several methods are identified and elaborated in this document and they include:

 Grazing Management: Promote livestock grazing practices that reduce impacts on native wildlife, in particular snow leopard prey species.

 Wildlife-based Ecotourism: Establishing wildlife based tourism that provides jobs and financial benefits to local people will add economic value to wildlife and create incentives to protect the resource.

 Cottage Industry: Provide income generation opportunities for communities in snow leopard habitat through handicraft manufacture and marketing opportunities with direct and transparent linkages to wildlife conservation via contracts that provides positive incentives for compliance.

 Ungulate Trophy Hunting Programs: Establish or restructure trophy hunting programs that are sustainable, well monitored and provide return to local people as an incentive to protect ungulates. Community co-management of hunting program should be encouraged where ever appropriate.

 Reducing Poaching and Trade in Snow Leopard Parts:

Determine location, nature and extent of snow leopard poaching for trade and bring pressure, both legal and educational, to limit same.

 Reducing Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards:

Encourage livestock husbandry practices that reduce depredation by snow leopards and other predators.

 Animal Husbandry: Provide training in animal husbandry and veterinary care to improve monetary return at lower stock levels, limit exposure to predation, and reduce impacts on pasture and rangelands.

 Conservation Education and Awareness: Raise awareness of snow leopard conservation issues, concerns, need for action, legal matters, etc, through variety of media among different audiences.

III. RESEARCH AND INFORMATION NEEDS

During the process of listing the threats to snow leopards and the required conservation actions, a set of information needs was also identified. Hence, the list below encompasses the knowledge required to carry-out urgent conservation actions.

Master List of Information Needs

R.1 Snow leopard distribution and “hot spots”

R.2 Snow leopard migration and dispersal routes

R.3 Snow leopard population size

R.4 Snow leopard population trends and factor responsible for changes

R.5 Protected Area coverage extent and representation of habitats (gap analysis)

R.6 Agents of habitat degradation and relative impacts

R.7 Snow leopard prey relationships

R.8 Prey species distribution and “hot spots”

R.9 Prey population baseline and trends

R.10 Dynamics of illegal ungulate hunting (sources, local need, uses, trade, etc.)

R.11 Dynamics of legal ungulate harvest and baseline statistics (sex/age, effort, trophy size, etc.)

R.12 Wild ungulate livestock interactions (competition)

R.13 Ungulate disease type, areas of occurrence, prevalence, virulence, treatment

R.14 Snow leopard poaching levels

R.15 Illegal trade in wildlife parts market demand, sources and routes, value, etc.

R.16 Livestock depredation rates

SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY | xi

R.17 Livestock depredation causes

R.18 Grazing pressure and range conditions

R.19 Snow leopard disease type, areas of occurrence, prevalence, virulence, treatment

R.20 Snow leopard home-range size and habitat use

R.21 Snow leopard social structure and behavior

R.22 Snow leopard population genetics

R.23 Snow leopard food habits

R.24 Snow leopard relationship to other predators

R.25 Economic valuation of snow leopards

R.26 Snow leopard monitoring techniques development/improvement

R.27 Socio-economic profiling of herder communities in snow leopard habitat

R.28 Methods to alleviate impacts of war

R.29 Livestock and human population status and trends

R.30 Analysis of existing policies and laws

R.31 Human attitudes to snow leopards

IV. COUNTRY ACTION PLANNING

The SLSS should be seen as a tool to aid in the development of country-specifi c Action Plans. In general Action

Planning leaders should review the SLSS and then:

 Analyze the problems and choose the proper scale,

 Identify the key stakeholders and integrate them into the planning process at the beginning, (i.e. ensure a broadly participatory process),

 Choose a multi-level approach if the problems and stakeholders are particularly diverse,

 Seek to identify achievable and appropriate actions,

 Build monitoring of results into the Plan.

The Action Planning process need not be done in a vacuum. The Snow Leopard Network (see below), can provide much needed assistance in terms of expertise and advice during the planning process. Collectively, the SLN membership has experience in nearly every area of snow leopard related conservation, research, education, and policy. They can be approached for assistance through the International Snow Leopard Trust, 4649 Sunnyside

Ave. N., Suite 325, Seattle, Washington, 98103, USA, on their website http://www.snowleopard.org/sln/ or via email at <info@snowleopard.org>.

V. TAKING THE SLSS FORWARD

A key outcome of the SLSS Workshop was the creation of the Snow Leopard Network (SLN). The SLN is a partnership of organizations and individuals from government and private sector who work together for the effective conservation of the snow leopard, its prey, and their natural habitat to the benefi t of people and biodiversity.

The initial members of the SLN are the specialist who worked together on the SLSS. Carrying the SLSS forward was the impetus for developing the Network.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust and Snow Leopard Network Place of Publication Seattle, USA Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 520 Serial 668
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Fedosenko A.K.
Title Relationship between the predators and wild ungulates in North Tien Shan and Jungar Alatau Type Miscellaneous
Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 72-74
Keywords Kazakhstan; predators-preys relationship; snow leopard; preys.; 6670; Russian
Abstract (up) Ibex is a main prey for snow leopards. The role of marmots and snow cocks in snow leopard's consumption is negligent. It can prey on morals in the fir-wood. A case of snow leopard's attacking a dog is also known.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 645 Serial 270
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Meklenburtsev R.N.
Title About ecology of ibex in Pamir Type Miscellaneous
Year 1949 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. 28, edition 5. Issue Pages 482-483
Keywords Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian
Abstract (up) Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 742 Serial 674
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Yakhontov A.A.
Title Fauna of mountains Type Miscellaneous
Year 1950 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 60-61
Keywords Uzbekistan; mountains; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 8570; Russian
Abstract (up) Ibex, whose population has reduced due to over-hunting, inhabits the alpine meadow zone in Uzbekistan. Ibex had entirely disappeared in some areas. Wild sheep, a common inhabitant of the alpine zone, has drastically decreased in number. Marhur can still be found in the mountains of Kugitang and Babatang. Wild sheep is a common species for the alpine zone. Predator animals such as snow leopard, bear, and sometimes wolf and fox can be found in this zone. A typical inhabitant of highlands is marmot an object of fur-trade.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Uzbekistan. Economic and geographic characteristics. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 834 Serial 1043
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Novikov G.A.
Title Sub-genus UNCIA Gray Type Miscellaneous
Year 1956 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 274-277
Keywords Ussr; Central Asia; uncia; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; highly mountain; reproduction; Migration; use.; 7760; Russian
Abstract (up) Identification features of the sub-genus Uncia (colour; length of body and tail; shoulder height, and skull measurements) are given. Distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, commercial value of snow leopard in the USSR is described.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Predatory mammals of the USSR fauna. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 754 Serial 726
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Arias, M., Coals, P., Ardiantiono, Elves-Powell, J., Rizzolo, J. B., Ghoddousi, A., Boron, V., da Silva, M., Naude, V., Williams, V., Poudel, S., Loveridge, A., Payan, E., Suryawanshi, K., Dickman, A.
Title Reflecting on the role of human-felid conflict and local use in big cat trade Type Journal Article
Year 2024 Publication Conservation Science and Practice Abbreviated Journal
Volume 6 Issue e13030 Pages 1-7
Keywords conflict, illegal trade, jaguar, leopard, lion, Panthera, snow leopard, tiger, wildlife crime
Abstract (up) Illegal trade in big cat (Panthera spp.) body parts is a prominent topic in scientific and public discourses concerning wildlife conservation. While illegal trade is generally acknowledged as a threat to big cat species, we suggest that two enabling factors have, to date, been under-considered. To that end, we discuss the roles of human-felid conflict, and “local” use in illegal trade in big cat body parts. Drawing examples from across species and regions, we look at generalities, contextual subtleties, ambiguities, and definitional complexities. We caution against underestimating the extent of “local” use of big cats and highlight the potential of conflict killings to supply body parts.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1745
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Maheshwari, A., Niraj, S. K
Title Monitoring illegal trade in snow leopards: 2003e2014 Type Journal Article
Year 2018 Publication Elsevier Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1 -6
Keywords Snow leopard, Illegal trade, Central and southern Asia, Conservation
Abstract (up) Illegal trade in snow leopards (Panthera uncia) has been identified as one of the major

threats to long-term survival of the species in the wild. To quantify severity of the threats

to dwindling snow leopard population, we examined market and questionnaire surveys,

and information from the published and unpublished literature on illegal trade and

poaching of snow leopards.We collected information from 11 of the 12 snow leopard range

counties in central and southern Asia, barring Kazakhstan, and reported 439 snow leopards

(88 records) in illegal trade during 2003e2014, which represents a loss of approximately

8.4%e10.9% snow leopard population (assuming mid-point population of 5240 to

minimum population of 4000 individuals) in a period of 12 years. Our data suggested a 61%

decadal increase in snow leopard trade during 2003e2012 compared with 1993e2002,

while taking the note of significant strengthening of wildlife enforcement and crime

control network in the decades of 2000s and 2010s. We found 50% prosecution rate of

snow leopard crimes resulting in only 20% conviction rate globally. Many limitations e.g.,

secretive nature of illegal trade, ill developed enforcement mechanism, poor and passive

documentation of snow leopards' seizures, restricted us to reflect actual trend of snow

leopards' illegal trade. Even on a conservative scale the present situation is alarming and

may detrimental to snow leopard conservation. We propose an effective networking of

enforcement efforts and coordination among the law enforcement agencies, efficient

collection of data and data management, and sharing of intelligence in snow leopard range

countries, could be useful in curbing illegal trade in snow leopards in central and southern

Asia.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
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Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1466
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Author Koshkarev E.
Title About snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
Year 2001 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. 8. Issue Pages 148-151
Keywords Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7290; Russian
Abstract (up) In 1980-s, in Central Asia there were 1,500-1,700 snow leopards: 800-900 in Kyrgyzstan, 500 in Tajikistan, 200 in Kazakhstan, and 100 in Uzbekistan. During the last century the number of snow leopard was constantly decreasing, though a its drastic reduction was observed after the collapse of the Soviet Union because of increased poaching for snow leopard and its objects of prey. The highest level of poaching was observed to occur in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan's population of snow leopard reduced to 200 animals. A decrease of snow leopard number in other parts of its habitat with less intense hunting (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, south-west Kyrgyzstan) was mostly because of depletion of food resources (population of ungulates reduced five eight times). The reasons are corruption and unemployment. In order to improve the situation it is required to improve regulatory framework and replicate existing positive experience in economic motivation of nature protection activities.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biological diversity of the West Tien Shan (Kazakhstan part). Proceedings of the Aksu Jabagly state nature reserve. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 707 Serial 557
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Author Plyaskin V.E.
Title Rare Felidae species in the Chatkal valley of the West Tien Shan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 41-42
Keywords Kyrgyzstan; Besh-Aral nature reserve; Cats; snow leopard; Lynx; manul; species range; diet; decline; illegal hunting.; 7910; Russian
Abstract (up) In 1981, rare Felidae species such as snow leopard, Turkistan lynx, and manul (one encounter recorded) were found in the Besh-Aral nature reserve (the Chatkal valley). Illegal hunting and high concentration of people in some places is emphasized to impact the animal populations.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection and reproduction of fauna. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 769 Serial 775
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Author Poyarkov A.D.
Title Irbis in south-western Tuva Type Miscellaneous
Year 1999 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 204
Keywords Russia; Altai-Sayans; snow leopard; distribution; number.; 7980; Russian
Abstract (up) In 1998, under the WWF Altai-Sayans ecoregion conservation program, traces of snow leopard were detected in the ridges of Tsaran-Shibetu and Shipshal. The density of vital activity traces is comparable with those in northern Mongolia.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: 4th Congress of mammalogy society. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 776 Serial 786
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Author The Snow Leopard Conservancy
Title A Survey of Kathmandu-based Trekking Agencies: Market Opportunities for Linking Community-Based Ecotourism with the Conservation of Snow Leopard in the Annapurna Conservation Area. Report prepared for WWF-Nepal Programme Type Report
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume SLC Field Series Document No. 4 Issue Pages 1-22
Keywords survey; trekking; linking; community-based; ecotourism; conservation; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; annapurna; annapurna conservation area; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; area; Report; trust; nature; nature conservation; Acap; Snow Leopard Conservancy; project; Manang; local; community; environment; Culture; population; number; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; endangered; cat; prey; Himalaya; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; kill; livestock; killing; herders; herder; conflict; local people; people; wildlife; tourism; incentive; protect; predator; conserve; alpine; habitat
Abstract (up) In 2001 the King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation (KMTNC), Annapurna Conservation Area (ACAP), Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) and WWF-Nepal initiated a collaborative project aimed at enhancing ecotourism in the Manang area, in ways that strengthen benefits to local communities while also protecting the environment and the local culture. Manang is known for its relatively dense snow leopard population, along with supporting good numbers of blue sheep, the endangered cat's principal prey through much of the Himalaya. However, snow leopards periodically kill many livestock, leading to retributive killing by herders along with other associated people-wildlife conflict. In order to encourage the local people to better co-exist with snow leopards and other wildlife, SLC, WWF-Nepal and ACAP agreed to explore ways of providing tourism benefits to local communities as an incentive to protect this rare predator and conserve its alpine habitat. Key in this regard is the possibility of developing locally guided nature treks, and accordingly, this survey was conducted in order to assess existing market opportunities and constraints to such ecotourism enterprise.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Los Gatos, California Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1022 Serial 962
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Author Bogdanov O.P.
Title The Chatkal state mountain forest biosphere reserve. The Hissar nature reserve Type Miscellaneous
Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 11-28
Keywords Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; Hissar nature reserve; birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; plants; rare species; numerous species; snow leopard.; 6370; Russian
Abstract (up) In a popular form it describes the origination, nature and fauna of the Chatkal nature reserve. Habitats and ecology of Menzbier's marmot, water-snake, forest dormouse, and fox are described. It also indicates mammal and bird species listed in the Red Book of the USSR black vulture, griffon vulture, bearded vulture, golden eagle, snow leopard, Turkestan lynx, and Tien-Shan brown bear. There are 23 mammal species in the Hissar nature reserve. Ecology of snow leopard and Siberian mountain ibex is described. In the year 1977, 15 Turkestan lynx, about 25 Tien-Shan brown bears, five to seven snow leopards, and 120 150 Siberian mountain ibex were counted in the nature reserve.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of Uzbekistan. Stories of naturalist. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 615 Serial 184
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Author Molyukov M.I.
Title Irbis Type Miscellaneous
Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 74-81
Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; diet; behavior.; 7710; Russian
Abstract (up) In a popular form it tells about snow leopard, its geographical distribution, behavioral patterns, food, enemies and competitors, hunting behavior, etc. Given are interesting data concerning the number of ibex killed during one hunt in eastern Pamir (25 30 ibexes), cases of snow leopard's attacking bears and so on. Snow leopard rarely preys on livestock, mainly sheep and goats. Young snow leopards are easily tamed. There are about 2,000 snow leopards in the USSR about 1,500 of them are in Kyrgyzstan.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the Red Data Book of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 749 Serial 703
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Author Potapov R.
Title On the top of ridges Type Miscellaneous
Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 146-162
Keywords Tajikistan; Pamir; Animals; snow leopard; ibex.; 7970; Russian
Abstract (up) In a popular form, it says about wildlife of Pamir, unique animal kingdom of highlands. The author describes his personal encounter with snow leopard following a herd of ibex and thinks of peculiarities of this large predator and reasons for hunting it.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title Tiger gully. Unknown world.
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 775 Serial 785
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Author Sosnovskiy I.P.
Title Snow leopard or irbis Type Miscellaneous
Year 1987 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 106-110
Keywords Ussr; Red Data book; endangered species; snow leopard.; 8310; Russian
Abstract (up) In a popular form, it tells about rare vertebrate animals included in the Red Data Book of the USSR, their biology, behavioral patterns, threats and measures being taken to protect them. Total number of snow leopard in the USSR is defined as 2,000 animals. 200 snow leopards live in zoos throughout the world. The animals successfully reproduce themselves in the Moscow, Kaunas, and Alma-Ata zoos. Snow leopard's maximum life expectancy in enclosures is 22 years.
Address
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals: leafing through the Red Data Book of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 809 Serial 917
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Author Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association
Title Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 Type Manuscript
Year 2010 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology
Abstract (up) In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism,

zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as

reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial

operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd,

Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from

September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made

the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that

administrative units have been increased and territories of

administrative units have been diminished. There have been four

provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation

limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than

ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert.

Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of

species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in

banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum,

Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing

in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently

necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures

into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across

hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression.

Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national

cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's

Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of

cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of

Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify

popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of

agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central

Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December

16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of

1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 %

of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals

amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total

animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article

mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in

Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such

number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into

five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult

animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally

in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food

of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main

nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the

soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of

secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of

ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt

one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for

domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big

game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and

hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting.

Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give

prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly

it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15

USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially

picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow

leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack

domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of

ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting

wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't

consider it had been right since it was natural event. However

population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought

and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has

never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million

heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in

its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of

domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild

animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards

correctly with low costs.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1100 Serial 705
Permanent link to this record