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Author Bykova E.A.
Title Method of questionnaire design used for the collecting of primary data on threatened species with the example of snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 208-214
Keywords Uzbekistan; questionnaire based method; distribution; number; food; behavior; poaching; snow leopard.; 6410; Russian
Abstract (up) Method of questionnaire design is used for long time successfully in the various fields of zoological research. This method is most significant for the collecting of data on threatened species. It can be applied together with standard inquest and survey methods without taking remarkable financial and temporal expenses. Such data can be assigned as the base for further planning of scientific investigations of the threatened species. In the result of survey, there were gathered 96 records of Snow Leopard and its tracks of the vital functions on Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkestan and Hissar ridges. Majority of records was made on Hissar ridge either on the area of Hissar reserve, either outside of protected area. There was collected data on distribution of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan, on its territorial and food behavior, cases and causes of poaching. As a conclusion, it seems to be rational to use the method of questionnaire design among rangers of protected areas and local inhabitants for the collecting of primary information on threatened animal species. It would be optimal to gather such data every 3-4 years that would allow receiving the fresh comparable year-by-year information. Interpretation of questionnaire data should be made with certain prudence, taking into account subjectivity of collected information. Therefore during gathering of questionnaire data it is desirable personal attendance of researcher for more accurate definition of answers on the presented questions.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Status and perspectives of the protected area network in Central Asia. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 619 Serial 205
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Author Sayer, J.A.
Title The conservation of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Afghanistan Type Journal Article
Year 1980 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue Pages 55-61
Keywords Afghanistan; status; distribution; browse; 2490
Abstract (up) Outlines status and distribution as well as recent sightings of snow leopard in Afganastan
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 53 Serial 849
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Author Andriuskevicius, A.
Title Occurrance of Snow Leopards in the Soviet Union Type Journal Article
Year 1980 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue Pages 59-69
Keywords 2290; area; areas; browse; distribution; park; parks; protected; protected-area; protected area; protected areas; refuge; reserve; reserves; Russia; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; soviet; Soviet-Union; soviet union; status; U.S.S.R.; union; Ussr
Abstract (up) Outlines status and distribution of snow leopard in USSR, including comments on reserves created for the species.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 51 Serial 73
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Author Prakash, I.
Title Asian predators of livestock Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Parasites, pests and predators.World animal science Abbreviated Journal
Volume B2 Issue Pages 405-410
Keywords predators; asia; snow-leopard; livestock; status; prey; Panthera-uncia; distribution; predator; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; panthera; uncia; 870
Abstract (up) Outlines the distribution, status and predatory behaviour on livestock of Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis, gharial Gavialis gangeticus and several species of Crocodylus and Python; and of wolf Canis lupus, Asiatic jackal C. aureus, dhole (Indian wild dog) Cuon alpinus, brown bear Ursus arctos, Asiatic black bear Selenarctos thibetanus, striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena, clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa, leopard (panther) Panthera pardus, tiger P. tigris, lion P. leo, snow leopard P. uncia, other Felidae and Viverridae. -P.J.Jarvis
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Notes ED: Gaafar,-S.M.; et-al. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 84 Serial 791
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Author Atzeni, L., Cushman, S. A., Bai, D., Wang, J., Chen, P., Shi, K., Riordan, P.
Title Meta-replication, sampling bias, and multi-scale model selection: A case study on snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in western China. Type Journal Article
Year 2020 Publication Ecology and Evolution Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-27
Keywords MaxEnt, meta-replication, multi-scale, Panthera uncia, sampling bias, scale selection, snow leopard, species distribution model
Abstract (up) Replicated multiple scale species distribution models (SDMs)

have become increasingly important to identify the correct variables

determining species distribution and their influences on ecological

responses. This study explores multi-scale habitat relationships of the

snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in two study areas on the Qinghai–Tibetan

Plateau of western China. Our primary objectives were to evaluate the

degree to which snow leopard habitat relationships, expressed by

predictors, scales of response, and magnitude of effects, were

consistent across study areas or locally landcape-specific. We coupled

univariate scale optimization and the maximum entropy algorithm to

produce multivariate SDMs, inferring the relative suitability for the

species by ensembling top performing models. We optimized the SDMs based

on average omission rate across the top models and ensembles’ overlap

with a simulated reference model. Comparison of SDMs in the two study

areas highlighted landscape-specific responses to limiting factors.

These were dependent on the effects of the hydrological network,

anthropogenic features, topographic complexity, and the heterogeneity of

the landcover patch mosaic. Overall, even accounting for specific local

differences, we found general landscape attributes associated with snow

leopard ecological requirements, consisting of a positive association

with uplands and ridges, aggregated low-contrast landscapes, and large

extents of grassy and herbaceous vegetation. As a means to evaluate the

performance of two bias correction methods, we explored their effects on

three datasets showing a range of bias intensities. The performance of

corrections depends on the bias intensity; however, density kernels

offered a reliable correction strategy under all circumstances. This

study reveals the multi-scale response of snow leopards to environmental

attributes and confirms the role of meta-replicated study designs for

the identification of spatially varying limiting factors. Furthermore,

this study makes important contributions to the ongoing discussion about

the best approaches for sampling bias correction.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1616
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Author Mallon, D.
Title The snow leopard in Ladakh Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 Issue Pages 23-37
Keywords Ladakh; India; livestock; herders; tracking; tracks; surveys; sign; distribution; predator; prey; herder; mortality; conservation; status; browse; 2380
Abstract (up) Reports on 1 summer survey and four winter surveys covering some 3100 km in Ladakh, India. Reports on snow leopard sign commonly found, distribution, prey, attacks on livestock and peoples reaction, mortality factors and conservation status. Suggest recomendations for preventing unnecessary killing of snow leopards and estimates population of 100 to 200 snow leopards in Ladakh
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Notes Full text available at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 78 Serial 642
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Author Osborne, B.C.; Mallon, D.P.; Fraser, S.J.R.
Title Ladkh, threatened stronghold of rare Himalayan mammals Type Journal Article
Year 1983 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue Pages 182-189
Keywords Ladakh; India; pelt; coat; hunting; poaching; distribution; skin; livestock; herders; predator; prey; browse; 3290
Abstract (up) Reports the results of seven visits to Ladakh over past five years. The snow leopard occurs throughout Ladakh but is not common. Livestock are often taken in winter. At least five snow leopards were shot in the Suru Valley over the past five years. The pelt is worth about $350 in Srinagar.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 80 Serial 756
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Author Jackson, R.M.
Title Snow Leopards in Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 1979 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 15 Issue Pages 191-195
Keywords Nepal; status; distribution; conservation; hunting; hunters; poaching; pelts; fur; coat; browse; 2160
Abstract (up) Reviews in detail occurence, status, and conservation measures related to snow leopards in Nepal. Estimates 150-300 snow leopards in Nepal. Local hunters can get 10 to 50 US dollars for a pelt
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 50 Serial 477
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Author Braden, K.
Title The Geographical Distribution of the Snow Leopard in the USSR: Maps of Areas of Snow Leopard Habitation in the USSR Type Journal Article
Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue Pages 25-39
Keywords Russia; Ussr; U.S.S.R.; Soviet-Union; status; distribution; maps; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; habitat; 2320
Abstract (up) Reviews published information from the USSR vs past status of the snow leopard in various parts of its range within that country. Maps provide locations in the USSR of evidence of snow leopard occurence from published records of the species over the last 100 yrs.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 64 Serial 189
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Author Sokov A.I.
Title Snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 151-152
Keywords Tajikistan; Red Data book; snow leopard; decline; protection; distribution; number; life-history; protected measures.; 8230; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard distributed in Pamir, Mountain Badakhshan (2500-5500 masl). Its number assessed as 250-350 individuals. There were recorded 450 snow leopards in 1950s-1960s.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of Tajikistan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 801 Serial 914
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Author Bobrinskiy, N.A.
Title Subgenus Leopardus Type Miscellaneous
Year 1935 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 100-101
Keywords Ussr; leopards; snow leopard; distribution; features.; 6300; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow Leopard Felis (Leopardus) uncia S c h r † b., 1778 is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia, Turkmenistan (very rare) and Turkestan, on Tarbagatay, Altay, Sayans and in Uriankhay area. Subspecies haven't been described. Body length is about 130 cm, tail length 90 cm.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guide on hunting-game animals of USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 608 Serial 178
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Author Moiseev V.A.
Title Snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 137-138
Keywords Uzbekistan; distribution; habitats; preys; Red Data book; snow leopard.; 7690; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard inhabits in zones of alpine meadows and juniper forests. Main preys are ibexes and wild sheep. Irbis included in Red Data book of USSR.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Uzbekistan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 747 Serial 702
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Author Zakhidov T.Z.Meklenburtsev R.N., B.O.P.
Title Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreb. Distribution of fauna elements over Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1971 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. 2. Vertebrate animals. Issue Pages 234-235
Keywords Central Asia; snow leopard; distribution; preys; behavior; practical value.; 8670; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard inhabits the mountainous ecosystems from Tarbagatai to Hissar and Pamir. It feeds upon large animals such as ibex, argali, roe deer, and sometimes domestic sheep, rodents, and birds (most frequently snow cock). The skin of this animal is not of significant value and is rarely an item of trade. In many countries, zoos will readily buy snow leopards. There is no danger for a man to catch snow leopard since even being wounded during a hunt, the animal would never attack the man. An encounter with snow leopard in the mountains will always end safely for human being, as it is always first to spot a man and go away unnoticed.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and fauna of Central Asia. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 844 Serial 1069
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Author Kashkarov D.N.
Title Order Carnivora- Carnivores. Family Felidae-Cats Type Miscellaneous
Year 1932 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 392-393
Keywords Turkestan; carnivores; Cats; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7090; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard inhabits Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and possibly Kopet-dag, as well as the Altai, Tibet, and northern slopes of the Himalayas. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, hare, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine and sometimes attacks livestock. Snow leopard is not considered a dangerous animal since even being wounded, it would escape from men and could only rush to the attack when deadlocked.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Turkestan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 687 Serial 520
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Author Aizin B.M.
Title Snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 22-23
Keywords Kyrgyzstan; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; biology; number; fluctuation; protection.; 5930; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard is a rare and endangered species, distributed in all mountain ridges of Kyrgyzstan. Its population is 1,400 animals, density being 0.2 0.5 animal per 1,000 ha. Its population was noticed to decrease in some ridges because of decreasing populations of mountain ungulates. 200 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export over the last 20 years. This species is protected in the nature reserves Sary Chelek, Besh Aral, and natural park Ala Archa.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kyrgyz SSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 572 Serial 47
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Author Grachev Yu.A.
Title Snow leopard Uncia uncia Sch. 1775 Type Miscellaneous
Year 1991 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. 1. Animals. Issue Pages 73-75
Keywords Kazakhstan; Red Data boo; category of threat; distribution; number; biology; threats; conservation measures.; 6800; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard is a rare species with shrinking habitat and decreasing population (category III). It is distributed in Tien Shan (the ridges of Karjantau, Ugam, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Kunghey, Terskey, Ketmen), Djungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur, and South Altai. This species has disappeared in the Syrdarya Karatau and the mountains of North Tien Shan. Its total number in Kazakhstan is estimated to be 180-200 animals. The threats are reduction of mountain ungulates and poaching. Snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly, Alma-Ata, and Markakol nature reserves and the Alma-Ata, Lepsin, and Tokhta sanctuaries. The Djungar nature reserve needs to be established.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 658 Serial 342
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Author Sokolov V.E.
Title Snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 349-350
Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 8250; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard is an endangered species. Its number is steadily decreasing. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia: Pamir, Tien Shan, Djungar Ala-Tau, Tarbagatai, Saur. It is also met at altitudes ranging from 1,800 3,500 m above sea level. A total number of snow leopard in the USSR does not exceed 1,000 animals; according to other data 2,000 animals. A decreasing number of snow leopard and its habitat shrinkage is directly related to human's pursuing snow leopards (in the USSR snow leopard was for a long time being considered as a species causing damage to livestock so authorities gave premiums for catching/shooting snow leopards) and reduction of ungulate population. Snow leopards are now protected in mountain nature reserves of the USSR: Chatkal, Aksu-Djabagly, Ramit, Besh-Aral, Sary-Chelek, and Alma-Ata.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals. Mammals. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 803 Serial 908
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Author Mitropolskiy O.V.
Title The Red Book of the USSR (Rare and endangered bird and animal species in Uzbekistan) Type Miscellaneous
Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 28-48
Keywords Uzbekistan; snow leopard; distribution; number.; 7650; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard is distributed in the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Fergana, Alai, Turkistan, and Hissar ridges. Though there is no precise data concerning number of snow leopard in Uzbekistan it is estimated to range from 15-20 to 50 animals.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunter and fisherman of Uzbekistan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 743 Serial 698
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Author Aizin B.M.
Title Rare predatory mammal species and their protection in Kyrgyzstan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 4-5
Keywords Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; distribution; number; trade.; 5910; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard is met in all mountain ridges in Kyrgyzstan. Every year 7 10 animals are caught for the purpose of zoo export. Total population of snow leopard in the country does not exceed 1,400 animals.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of predatory mammals' protection and sustainable use. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 570 Serial 46
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Author Brem A.E.
Title Irbis, or snow leopard (Felis uncia) Type Miscellaneous
Year 1992 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol.1. Mammals. Issue Pages 204-205
Keywords snow leopard; distribution; identification features.; 6390; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard is met in the mountains of Turkistan, Altai, Bukhara, Pamir, Kashmir, and Tibet, and probably in South-East Siberia and along Sungari. In 1871, two animals were living in the Moscow Zoo Garden.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Life of animals. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 617 Serial 195
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Author Grachev Yu.A.
Title Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1978 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Part 1. Vertebrate animals. Issue Pages 64-67
Keywords Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; historical range; conservation.; 6790; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard is rare and endangered species. At present it is met in Tien Shan and the spurs: in the ridges of Pskem, Ugam, Karjantau, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Ketmene, Kungei Alatau, Terskey Alatau, as well as Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saure, and Altai. In 19th century, snow leopard used to be met in the Karatau ridge (the Syrdarya ridge). Over the last two decades population of snow leopard reduced due to increased development of mountainous areas and reduction of wild animal populations (ibex, argali, morals, marmots, etc.). In Kazakhstan, snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly and Alma-Ata nature reserves.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 657 Serial 341
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Author Sludsky A.A.
Title Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 Type Miscellaneous
Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. III, Part 2. Issue Pages 222-240
Keywords Kazakhstan; taxonomy; distribution; number; biology; use; snow leopard.; 8190; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. Carnivora (Mustelidae, Felidae). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 797 Serial 900
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Author Blower, J.H.
Title Nature Conservation in Bhutan: Project Findings and Recommendations Type Miscellaneous
Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Bhutan; habitat; status; distribution; browse; 2310
Abstract (up) Snow leopard is relatively common, but there is some destruction of its habitat in Northern Bhutan
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Notes UNDP/FAO Project. BHU/83/002 Field Document. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 88 Serial 175
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Author Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Mardan
Title Snow Leopard Survey in Tumor Nature Reserve, Xingjiang Type Miscellaneous
Year 2005 Publication Sichuan Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 608-610
Keywords snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; survey; nature; reserve; national; Xinjiang; China; sign; big; cat; spray; distribution; population; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; river; area; Tomur; transects; transect; scrapes; scrape; feces; areas; valley
Abstract (up) Snow leopard survey was conducted in Oct-Nov 2004 at Tumor National Natural Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Because of its special living style, the snow leopard is difficult to observe by sight. Signs left by snow leopard become a good index to prove the existance of the big cat. There are mainly five kinds of signs, footprints, fectes, claw rakes and urine spray. From them we can know the distribution, probably population and habitat selection of snow leopard. This time in Tumor we investigated 5 difference places: Pochenzi in Mozat River area, Boxidun in Little Kuzbay River area, Yinyer in Tomur River area, Kurgan and Taglak in Quiong Tailan River area. 42 transects were run in this trip and a total of 57 signs found. Among them, footprints amounted to 71.9%, scrapes 21.1%, and feces 7.0%. The results showed that the big cat existed in Yinyer, Kurgan and Taglak areas and liked to select their habitat in the valley and didn't like to live in barren areas.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 873 Serial 1034
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Author Lavrov N.P.
Title Snow leopard, or irbis Type Miscellaneous
Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 58-60
Keywords Ussr; Russia; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; number; life history characteristics; conservation measures.; 7570; Russian
Abstract (up) Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, has status I, that is rare, non-numerous and endangered species. Information about its distribution, habitats, biology, number, existing and required conservation measures in the RSFSR and USSR is provided. Total population in the USSR is 800 1,000 animals.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the RSFSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 735 Serial 613
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