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	Author	McCarthy, T.
	Title	Ecology and Conservation of Snow Leopards, Gobi Brown Bears, and Wild Bactrian Camels in Mongolia		Type	Book Whole
	Year	2000	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	snow leopard; Uncia uncia; Mongolia; radio-collar; habitat use; movements; ecology; wild camel; brown bear; 5340
	Abstract	Snow leopard ecology, distribution and abundance in Mongolia were studied between 1993 and 1999. I placed VHF and satellite radio-collars on 4 snow leopards, 2 males and 2 females, to determine home ranges, habitat use, movements, and activity. Home ranges of snow leopards in Mongolia were substantially larger than reported elsewhere. Males ranged over 61 – 142 km2 and female 58 to 1,590 km2. Cats had crepuscular activity patterns with daily movements averaging 5.1 km. Intraspecific distances averaged 1.3 km for males to 7.8 km for males. Leopards selected moderately to very-broken habitat with slopes > 20o, in areas containing ibex. Leopard distribution and abundance was determined using sign surveys. Leopard range in Mongolia is approximately 103,000 km2 but cats are not uniformly distributed within that range. High-density areas include the eastern and central Transaltai Gobi and the northern Altai ranges. Relative leopard densities compared well with relative ibex densities on a regional basis. A snow leopard conservation plan was drafted for Mongolia that identifies problems and threats, and provides an action plan. Wild Bactrian camels occur in the Great Gobi National Park (GGNP) and are thought to be declining due to low recruitment. I surveyed camels by jeep and at oases, observing 142 (4.2% young) and 183 (5.3% young) in 1997 and 1998. Current range was estimated at 33,300 km2. Some winter and calving ranges were recently abandoned. Track sizes and tooth ages from skulls were used to assess demographics. A deterministic model was produced that predicts camel extinction within 25 to 50 years under current recruitment rates and population estimates. Gobi brown bears are endemic to Mongolia and may number less than 35. Three population isolates may occur. I collected genetic material from bears at oases using hair traps. Microsatellite analyses of nuclear DNA determined sixteen unique genotypes, only two of which occurred at more than one oases. Genetic diversity was very low with expected heterozygosity = 0.32, and alleles per locus = 2.3. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were compared to other clades of brown bear and found to fall outside of all known lineages.
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher	University of Massachusetts, Amherst	Place of Publication	Editor
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	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 519		Serial	663
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	Author	Bobrinskiy, N.A.
	Title	Subgenus Leopardus		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1935	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	100-101
	Keywords	Ussr; leopards; snow leopard; distribution; features.; 6300; Russian
	Abstract	Snow Leopard Felis (Leopardus) uncia S c h r † b., 1778 is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia, Turkmenistan (very rare) and Turkestan, on Tarbagatay, Altay, Sayans and in Uriankhay area. Subspecies haven't been described. Body length is about 130 cm, tail length 90 cm.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guide on hunting-game animals of USSR.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 608		Serial	178
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	Author	Moiseev V.A.
	Title	Snow leopard		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	137-138
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; distribution; habitats; preys; Red Data book; snow leopard.; 7690; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard inhabits in zones of alpine meadows and juniper forests. Main preys are ibexes and wild sheep. Irbis included in Red Data book of USSR.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Uzbekistan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 747		Serial	702
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	Author	Zakhidov T.Z.Meklenburtsev R.N., B.O.P.
	Title	*Snow leopard Uncia uncia* Schreb. Distribution of fauna elements over Central Asia**		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1971	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. 2. Vertebrate animals.	Issue	Pages	234-235
	Keywords	Central Asia; snow leopard; distribution; preys; behavior; practical value.; 8670; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard inhabits the mountainous ecosystems from Tarbagatai to Hissar and Pamir. It feeds upon large animals such as ibex, argali, roe deer, and sometimes domestic sheep, rodents, and birds (most frequently snow cock). The skin of this animal is not of significant value and is rarely an item of trade. In many countries, zoos will readily buy snow leopards. There is no danger for a man to catch snow leopard since even being wounded during a hunt, the animal would never attack the man. An encounter with snow leopard in the mountains will always end safely for human being, as it is always first to spot a man and go away unnoticed.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and fauna of Central Asia.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 844		Serial	1069
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	Author	Kashkarov D.N.
	Title	Order Carnivora- Carnivores. Family Felidae-Cats		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1932	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	392-393
	Keywords	Turkestan; carnivores; Cats; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7090; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard inhabits Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and possibly Kopet-dag, as well as the Altai, Tibet, and northern slopes of the Himalayas. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, hare, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine and sometimes attacks livestock. Snow leopard is not considered a dangerous animal since even being wounded, it would escape from men and could only rush to the attack when deadlocked.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Turkestan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 687		Serial	520
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	Author	Zhiryakov V.A.
	Title	Snow leopard in the Almaty nature reserve. Short messages about snow leopards		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	51-54
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Almaty nature reserve; snow leopard; preys; ungulates; rodents; ibex; number.; 8790; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard is a common species for the Almaty nature reserve due to numerous wild ungulates, particularly ibexes (about 600 ibexes at a density of 32 animals per 1,000 ha) inhabiting the area. According to the data of 1982 there were 0.5 footprints of snow leopard per 10 km of transect. The remains of ibex, roe deer, squirrel, gray vole mouse and birds were found in faeces of snow leopards. Snow leopard attacks their prey unexpectedly, being in wait for it in such places where prey is difficult to escape from. When hunt is successful the prey is killed almost instantly. Snow leopard feeds upon the same prey for several days.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare animals of Kazakhstan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 856		Serial	1088
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	Author	Volozheninov N.N.
	Title	Rare and endangered mammals and birds of Southern Uzbekistan		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1985	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	23
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Hissar ridge; Baisun ridge; snow leopard; number; preys; poaching; conservation measures.; 8500; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard is a common species for upper part of the Hissar ridge and northern part of the Baisun ridge. There are about 30 snow leopards there. The animals often attack livestock, sometimes even entering into sheltered cattle-pens. In two of four of such cases snow leopards were caught and killed; in two other cases they had gone, having wounded the people. Usually the predators attack sheep and goats, rarer cows. The most frequently snow leopard preys on ibex and often wild boar. Local people catch/shoot no less than 10 snow leopards per year. Protection measures include the prevention of poaching and withdrawal of rifled guns from local communities.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecology and protection of rare and endangered vertebrate species in Uzbekistan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 827		Serial	989
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	Author	Aizin B.M.
	Title	Snow leopard		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1985	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	22-23
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; biology; number; fluctuation; protection.; 5930; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard is a rare and endangered species, distributed in all mountain ridges of Kyrgyzstan. Its population is 1,400 animals, density being 0.2 0.5 animal per 1,000 ha. Its population was noticed to decrease in some ridges because of decreasing populations of mountain ungulates. 200 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export over the last 20 years. This species is protected in the nature reserves Sary Chelek, Besh Aral, and natural park Ala Archa.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kyrgyz SSR.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 572		Serial	47
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	Author	Grachev Yu.A.
	Title	Snow leopard Uncia uncia Sch. 1775		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1991	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. 1. Animals.	Issue	Pages	73-75
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Red Data boo; category of threat; distribution; number; biology; threats; conservation measures.; 6800; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard is a rare species with shrinking habitat and decreasing population (category III). It is distributed in Tien Shan (the ridges of Karjantau, Ugam, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Kunghey, Terskey, Ketmen), Djungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur, and South Altai. This species has disappeared in the Syrdarya Karatau and the mountains of North Tien Shan. Its total number in Kazakhstan is estimated to be 180-200 animals. The threats are reduction of mountain ungulates and poaching. Snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly, Alma-Ata, and Markakol nature reserves and the Alma-Ata, Lepsin, and Tokhta sanctuaries. The Djungar nature reserve needs to be established.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 658		Serial	342
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	Author	Sokolov V.E.
	Title	Snow leopard		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	349-350
	Keywords	Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 8250; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard is an endangered species. Its number is steadily decreasing. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia: Pamir, Tien Shan, Djungar Ala-Tau, Tarbagatai, Saur. It is also met at altitudes ranging from 1,800 3,500 m above sea level. A total number of snow leopard in the USSR does not exceed 1,000 animals; according to other data 2,000 animals. A decreasing number of snow leopard and its habitat shrinkage is directly related to human's pursuing snow leopards (in the USSR snow leopard was for a long time being considered as a species causing damage to livestock so authorities gave premiums for catching/shooting snow leopards) and reduction of ungulate population. Snow leopards are now protected in mountain nature reserves of the USSR: Chatkal, Aksu-Djabagly, Ramit, Besh-Aral, Sary-Chelek, and Alma-Ata.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals. Mammals.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 803		Serial	908
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