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	Author	Gronberg, E.
	Title	Movement patterns of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) around kills based on GPS location clusters			Type	Report
	Year	2011	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	snow leopard, Panthera, Mongolia, Snow Leopard Trust, predator, prey, kill, behavior
	Abstract	Research concerning movement patterns of wild animals has been advancing since GPS technology arrived. But studying the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is still difficult because of the harsh territory it inhabits in Central Asia. This study took place in south Gobi, Mongolia, and aimed to estimate the time spent at kills and the maximum distance away from kills between visits. Snow leopards were monitored with GPS collars that took a location every five or seven hours. Potential kill sites were established by identifying clusters of GPS-locations in ArcGIS and visited in the field for confirmation. ArcGIS was used to calculate the distance between cluster and GPS-locations. I used two buffer zones (100 m and 500 m radius) to define the time snow leopards spent at kills. It was found that snow leopard age and prey category affected time spent at kills and also that snow leopard sex together with prey category affected the maximum distance moved away from kills between visits. Season had no significant effect on either time at kills or distance moved away from kills between visits. Snow leopards spent on average 3.2 days at their kills in the 100 m buffer zone and 3.5 days at their kills in the 500 m buffer zone. Subadults stayed longer at kills than adults and animals of both age categories spent longer time on larger prey. The mean maximum distance moved away from kills between visits was 179 m in the 100 m buffer zone and 252 m in the 500 m buffer zone. Female snow leopards moved further away from kills between visits than male snow leopards. Both the number of days spent on kills and maximum distance moved away from kills between visits increased when kills consisted of more than one animal. This study has provided some basic information on snow leopard behaviors around their kills but also highlights the need to monitor more snow leopards before more solid conclusions can be drawn as this study was based on based on a relatively small sample.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Master's thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1301
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	Author	Bhatia, S., Suryawanshi, K., Redpath, S. M., Mishra, C
	Title	Understanding people's responses toward predators in the Indian Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Animal Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	human-wildlife conflict; human attitudes to wildlife; value orientation; carnivores; tolerance; human-wildlife relationships; risk perception; Himalaya
	Abstract	Research on human–wildlife interactions has largely focused on the magnitude of wildlife‐caused damage, and the patterns and correlates of human attitudes and behaviors. We assessed the role of five pathways through which various correlates potentially influence human responses toward wild animals, namely, value orientation, social interactions (i.e. social cohesion and support), dependence on resources such as agriculture and livestock, risk perception and nature of interaction with the wild animal. We specifically evaluated their influence on people's responses toward two large carnivores, the snow leopard Panthera uncia and the wolf Canis lupus in an agropastoral landscape in the Indian Trans‐Himalaya. We found that the nature of the interaction (location, impact and length of time since an encounter or depredation event), and risk perception (cognitive and affective evaluation of the threat posed by the animal) had a significant influence on attitudes and behaviors toward the snow leopard. For wolves, risk perception and social interactions (the relationship of people with local institutions and inter‐community dynamics) were significant. Our findings underscore the importance of interventions that reduce people's threat perceptions from carnivores, improve their connection with nature and strengthen the conservation capacity of local institutions especially in the context of wolves.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1630
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	Author	Lovari, S., Minder, I., Ferretti, F., Mucci, N., Randi, E., Pellizzi, B.
	Title	Common and snow leopards share prey, but not habitats: competition avoidance by large predators			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	291	Issue		Pages	127-135
	Keywords	coexistence; resource partitioning; food habits; Panthera uncia; Panthera pardus.
	Abstract	Resource exploitation and behavioural interference underlie competition among carnivores. Competition is reduced by specializing on different prey and/or spatiotemporal separation, usually leading to different food habits. We predicted that two closely related species of large cats, the endangered snow leopard and the near-threatened common leopard, living in sympatry, would coexist through habitat separation and exploitation of different prey species. In central Himalaya, we assessed (2006–2010) habitat and diet overlap between these carnivores. The snow leopard used grassland and shrubland, whereas the common leopard selected forest. Contrary to our prediction, snow leopard and common leopard preyed upon similar wild (Himalayan tahr, musk deer) and domestic species (Bos spp., dogs). Dietary overlap between snow leopard and common leopard was 69% (yearly), 76% (colder months) and 60% (warmer months). Thus, habitat separation should be the result of other factors, most likely avoidance of interspecific aggression. Habitat separation may not always lead to the use of different prey. Avoidance of interspecific aggression, rather than exploitation of different resources, could allow the coexistence of potentially competing large predators.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1402
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	Author	Jackson, R.M.
	Title	Snow Leopards in Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue		Pages	191-195
	Keywords	Nepal; status; distribution; conservation; hunting; hunters; poaching; pelts; fur; coat; browse; 2160
	Abstract	Reviews in detail occurence, status, and conservation measures related to snow leopards in Nepal. Estimates 150-300 snow leopards in Nepal. Local hunters can get 10 to 50 US dollars for a pelt
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 50			Serial	477
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	Author	Braden, K.
	Title	The Geographical Distribution of the Snow Leopard in the USSR: Maps of Areas of Snow Leopard Habitation in the USSR			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	3	Issue		Pages	25-39
	Keywords	Russia; Ussr; U.S.S.R.; Soviet-Union; status; distribution; maps; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; habitat; 2320
	Abstract	Reviews published information from the USSR vs past status of the snow leopard in various parts of its range within that country. Maps provide locations in the USSR of evidence of snow leopard occurence from published records of the species over the last 100 yrs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 64			Serial	189
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	Author	Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Lewis, C.R.
	Title	Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone and frequency of sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	J Reprod Fertil	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	98	Issue	1	Pages	91-95
	Keywords	Animal; Animals; zoo; physiology; Carnivora; Estradiol; Blood; estrus; Female; Progesterone; Seasons; Sex; behavior; Support; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; us; government; gov't; 490
	Abstract	Serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals for six months, and correlated with daily behavioural observations in two adult female snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Three oestradiol peaks (> 21 pg ml-1; interval 3.6 weeks) were identified in a snow leopardess housed alone (two more were probably missed because of the weekly sampling schedule), and three oestradiol peaks were identified in a snow leopardess housed with a male as a breeding pair (interval 6 weeks). Daily frequencies of feline reproductive behaviour averaged 1.77 observations per observation period during weeks of high oestradiol and 0.62 during weeks of low oestradiol. Progesterone concentrations did not rise above baseline values (< 2 ng ml-1) in the isolated animal, but 6 weeks of high progesterone concentrations (4.9- 38.8 ng ml-1) was recorded in the paired snow leopardess following mating. No offspring were produced. Snow leopards were observed daily for an additional 4.5 years. Sexual behaviour peaks could be clearly identified from December through April, and average daily sexual behaviour scores were higher during these months than during the rest of the year. Intervals between sexual behaviour peaks for the isolated snow leopardess averaged 3.03 weeks. The sexual behaviour of the paired snow leopards decreased for 8-9 weeks following mating when no offspring were produced, and decreased for 13 weeks in one year when a single cub was born.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-4251	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 204			Serial	874
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	Author	Anonymous
	Title	Liver failure from anesthetic killed San Antonio Zoo snow leopard			Type	Newspaper Article
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Several newspaper articles about this topic by multiple authors.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1161
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	Author	Ale, S.B., Boesi, R.
	Title	Snow Leopard Sightings on the Top of the World			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	43	Pages	19-20
	Keywords	Mt.Everest, Sagarmatha National Park, sightings, snow leopard, Uncia uncia
	Abstract	Sightings of snow leopards Uncia uncia in the wild are rare. This is because snow leopards occur in low numbers and are very elusive (Schaller 1977). Snow leopards may be sparsely distributed,but they may not, however, be very elusive in the world's highest park, Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (86° 30' 53“ E to 86° 99' 08” E and 27° 46' 19“ N to 27° 06' 45” N) in Nepal.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1111
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	Author	Johansson, O., Ausilio, G., Low, M., Lkhagvajav, P., Weckworth, B., Sharma, K.
	Title	The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Mammalian Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Age of independence; Life-history trade-offs; Panthera uncia; Parental care; Pre-dispersal behavior; Separation; Subadult
	Abstract	Significant knowledge gaps persist on snow leopard demography and reproductive behavior. From a GPS-collared population in Mongolia, we estimated the timing of mating, parturition and independence. Based on three mother–cub pairs, we describe the separation phase of the cub from its mother as it gains independence. Snow leopards mated from January–March and gave birth from April–June. Cubs remained with their mother until their second winter (20–22 months of age) when cubs started showing movements away from their mother for days at a time. This initiation of independence appeared to coincide with their mother mating with the territorial male. Two female cubs remained in their mothers’ territory for several months after initial separation, whereas the male cub quickly dispersed. By comparing the relationship between body size and age of independence across 11 solitary, medium-to-large felid species, it was clear that snow leopards have a delayed timing of separation compared to other species. We suggest this may be related to their mating behavior and the difficulty of the habitat and prey capture for juvenile snow leopards. Our results, while limited, provide empirical estimates for understanding snow leopard ecology and for parameterizing population models.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1613
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	Author	Doherty, J.; Wharton, D.
	Title	Breeding Management of the Snow Leopard at the New York Zoological Park			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1988	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	173-179
	Keywords	Bronx-Zoo; zoos; zoo; breeding; cubs; husbandry; captivity; veterinary; browse; bronx; 1750
	Abstract	Since 1996, the Bronx Zoo has produced 48 snow leopard cubs. Some of the cubs born in the last several years are the great-great grandchildren of the Bronx male Sherpa born in 1966. These five generations have all been bred and reared in the Zoological Park's Lion House which opened in 1903......Instead we will focus primarily on mangement and manipulation for cub production.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	International Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India	Place of Publication	India	Editor	H.Freeman
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 105			Serial	243
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