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	Author	White, S.D.; Stannard, A.A.; Ihrke, P.J.; Rosser, E.J.
	Title	Therapy of demodicosis in snow leopard challenged			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	J Am Vet Med Assoc	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	178	Issue	9	Pages	877-878
	Keywords	Amoxicillin: therapeutic use; Animal; Animals; zoo; Calcium: therapeutic use; Carnivora; Mite Infestations: drug therapy; veterinary; Sulfides: therapeutic use; Thiosulfates: therapeutic use; amoxicillin; therapeutic; calcium; mite; infestations; drug; therapy; drug therapy; sulfides; thiosulfates; browse; use; 360
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 57			Serial	1020
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	Author	Paul, H.A.; Bargar, W.L.; Leininger, R.
	Title	Total hip replacement in a snow leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	J Am Vet Med Assoc	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	187	Issue	11	Pages	1262-1263
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; surgery; Case; Report; Hip; Dislocation; veterinary; Prosthesis; Male; browse; 310
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 82			Serial	760
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	Author	Mainka, S.A.
	Title	Bilateral separation of the olecranon and proximal epiphysis from the ulnar diaphysis in a snow leopard cub			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	J Am Vet Med Assoc	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	189	Issue	9	Pages	1204-1205
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; injuries; Case-Report; Epiphyses; Forelimb; Male; Ulna; browse; 290
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 97			Serial	636
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	Author	Kleinman, M.S.; Garman, R.H.
	Title	An endoscopic approach to a snow leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Gastroenterology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	74	Issue	6	Pages	1348
	Keywords	Animal; Bezoars; veterinary; Carnivora; Cats; Esophagoscopy; Male; browse; 370
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0016-5085	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 47			Serial	536
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	Author	Karesh, W.B.; Kunz, L.L.
	Title	Bilateral testicular seminoma in a snow leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	J Am Vet Med Assoc	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	189	Issue	9	Pages	1201
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; Case Report; Dysgerminoma; pathology; veterinary; Male; Testicular; neoplasms; Testis; browse; 300
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 98			Serial	514
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	Author	Chaudhuri, S.; Mukherjee, S.K.; Chatterjee, A.; Ganguli, J.L.
	Title	Isolation of P multocida F-3, 4 from a stillborn snow leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Vet Rec	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	130	Issue	2	Pages	36
	Keywords	Animal; Bacteremia; Blood; browse; Carnivora; Death; Diseases; Female; Fetal; Infections; isolation; microbiology; multocida; Pasteurella; Pregnancy; purification; veterinary
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0042-4900	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 187			Serial	214
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	Author	Jackson, R.
	Title	Snow Leopards and Other Wildlife in the Qomolang,a Nature Preserve of Tibet			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1991	Publication	Snow Line	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	ix	Issue		Pages	9-12
	Keywords	animal-husbandry; annapurna; bounties; China; depradation; interviews; poaching; population; research; status; survey
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	International Snow Leopard Trust	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 463			Serial	448
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	Author	Ale, S.; Brown, J.
	Title	The contingencies of group size and vigilance			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2007	Publication	Evolutionary Ecology Research,	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue		Pages	1263-1276
	Keywords	attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy
	Abstract	Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect. Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance. Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour? Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group. Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 886			Serial	53
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	Author	Hochstrasser, K.; Wachter, E.; Reisinger, P.W.; Greim, M.; Albrecht, G.J.; Gebhard, W.
	Title	Amino acid sequences of mammalian kazal-type proteinase inhibitors from salivary glands			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Comp Biochem Physiol B	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	106	Issue	1	Pages	103-108
	Keywords	Amino; Acid; Sequence; Animal; Carnivora; Comparative; study; Cysteine; chemistry; Glycosylation; Mink; Molecular; Data; Protease; Inhibitors; Salivary; Proteins; species; Specificity; Submandibular; Gland; Trypsin; Inhibitor; Kazal; Pancreatic; browse; 200
	Abstract	1. The amino acid sequences of bikazins (the double-headed Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors from submandibular glands) isolated from the snow leopard (Unica unica), the European mink (Mustela lutreola), and the European pine marten (Martes martes) were determined. 2. N-terminal domains of bikazins are characterized by a cysteine residue spacing that differs from that of C-terminal domains of bikazins and other Kazal-type proteinase inhibitor domains. 3. N-terminal sequences of bikazins seem to be specific for, and highly conserved within, each Carnivora family.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0305-0491	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 202			Serial	385
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	Author	Barpiev I.M.
	Title	Peculiarities of biodiversity in the Besh-Aral nature reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	25-26
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; Besh Aral nature reserve; Animals; endangered species; snow leopard.; 6170; Russian
	Abstract	224 animal species, including two relict and 20 endemic, are registered in the Besh Aral nature reserve (Kyrgyzstan). This nature reserve is inhabited by rare and endangered animal and bird species (e.g. Menzbier's marmot, snow leopard, Tien Shan brown bear, manul, Turkistan lynx, saker falcon, bearded vulture, golden eagle, Himalayan griffon, and others) included in the Red Data Books of Kyrgyzstan, former USSR, and Led List of IUCN.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biological diversity of the West Tien Shan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 595			Serial	120
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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	Soils. Plants and animals. Vertical zones			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1972	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	21-41
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Aklu Jabagly nature reserve; establishment; soil; climate; physiographic factors; researching; plants; Animals; snow leopard.; 7340; Russian
	Abstract	A description of the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, flora and fauna. In the nature reserve there are 238 birds, 42 mammals, 9 reptiles and 2 fishes. Snow leopard inhabited in the nature reserve.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Aksu Jabagly nature reserve. Guidebook for nature reserve.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 712			Serial	579
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	Author	Chichikin Yu.N., Y.A.I.
	Title	Issyk Kul nature reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1969	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	475-480
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; Issyk Kul nature reserve; Jety Oguz site; establishment; climate; physiographic factors; plants; Animals; snow leopard.; 6460; Russian
	Abstract	A description of the Issyk Kul nature reserve (Kyrgyzstan) is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, climate, flora and fauna. Snow leopard inhabited in Jety Oguz site of the nature reserve.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protected areas of Soviet Union.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 624			Serial	219
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	Author	Chumakova A.V.
	Title	The Kyzylsu, Miraki, and Markakol nature reserves			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	153-155
	Keywords	Central Asia; nature reserves; Kysylsu nature reserve; Miraki nature reserve; Markakol nature reserve; establishment; soil; climate; physiographic factors; researching; plants; Animals; snow leopard.; 6470; Russian
	Abstract	A description of the Kyzylsu, Miraki, and Markakol nature reserves is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, vegetation, altitude zones, and fauna. In the Kyzylsu nature reserve there are 28 mammal species; in Miraki 23, and in Mirkakol 39. Snow leopard can be found in all the three nature reserves.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 625			Serial	220
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	Author	Doster, A.R.; Armstrong, D.L.; Bargar, T.W.
	Title	Seminoma and parathyroid adenoma in a snow leopard (Panthera unica)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	J Comp Pathol	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	100	Issue	4	Pages	475-480
	Keywords	Adenoma: pathology: veterinary; Animal; Carnivora; Dysgerminoma; pathology; veterinary; Male; Microscopy; Electron; neoplasms; Multiple Primary; Parathyroid; Testicular Neoplasms; adenoma; multiple; primary; Testicular; browse; 250
	Abstract	A seminoma and parathyroid adenoma were diagnosed in an aged snow leopard. The ultrastructural appearance of the seminoma was similar to that described in the dog and in man. The lack of significant amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes and free ribosomes in the parathyroid adenoma suggested that it was non-functional. Parathyroid adenoma has not been previously described in a large wild feline.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-9975	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 142			Serial	244
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	Author	Slifka, K.; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, S.M.; Bowen, P.; Crissey, S.
	Title	A Survey of Serum and Dietary Carotenoids in Captive Wild Animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	The Journal of Nutrition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	129	Issue		Pages	380-390
	Keywords	captive; carotenoids; dietary; Serum; snow leopard; survey; wild; Animals; Animal
	Abstract	Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized. Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management. Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for a- and b-carotene, lutein 1 zeaxanthin, lycopene, b-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely, from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation of b-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls, lutein 1 zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only b-carotene despite moderately high lutein 1 zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid metabolism and function.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 257			Serial	896
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	Author	Johansson, O., Kachel, S., Weckworth, B.
	Title	Guidelines for Telemetry Studies on Snow Leopards			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Animals	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue	1663	Pages	1-12
	Keywords	animal welfare; capture; collar; felid; GPS; immobilization; Panthera uncia; trapping
	Abstract	Animal-borne tracking devices have generated a wealth of new knowledge, allowing us to better understand, manage and conserve species. Fitting such tracking devices requires that animals are captured and often chemically immobilized. Such procedures cause stress and involve the risk of injuries and loss of life even in healthy individuals. For telemetry studies to be justifiable, it is vital that capture operations are planned and executed in an efficient and ethical way. Project objectives must be clearly articulated to address well-defined knowledge gaps, and studies designed to maximize the probability of achieving those goals. We provide guidelines for how to plan, design, and implement telemetry studies with a special emphasis on snow leopards that are typically captured using foot snares. We also describe the necessary steps to ensure that captures are conducted safely, and with minimal stress to animals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1712
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	Author	Meiers, S.T.
	Title	Habitat use by captive puma (Felis concolor) and snow leopards (Pathera uncia) at the Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1992	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-74
	Keywords	habitat; habitat use; use; captive; felis; Felis-concolor; concolor; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; park; zoo; 1990; observations; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; zoological; zoological gardens; zoological-gardens; gardens; behavior; species; Time budget; dens; Identity; Animals; Animal; non; Cats; cat; location; relief
	Abstract	Between May 1990 and January 1991, behavioral observations were made of two captive pumas (Felis concolor Linnaeus), and two captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber) in their outdoor exhibits at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, Illinois. Behaviors compared within and between species included: 1) time spend in the different habitat types; 2) time budgets for the different behaviors: laying, moving, sitting, standing, crouching, in the tree, drinking, urinating, defecating, within their inside dens, and “behavior not determined” when the identity or behavior of the individuals could not be determined; and 3) mobility of the animals within their exhibits. Also examined were: 4) preferences for different habitat types; 5) recommendations for future exhibit designs. Both species located themselves within their exhibits in a non-random manner. The majority of cats' time was spent in elevated locations (i.e., gunite ledges approximately 1-5.5 m above ground-level). Snow leopards exhibited this tendency to a greater extent than did the pumas. Both species also spent the majority of their time in the lying-down behavior; again snow leopards displayed this tendency significantly more than the pumas. Pumas were highly mobile and changed locations and behaviors in their exhibit significantly more than the snow leopards. No significant differences were noted between conspecifics in regard to habitat type preference, or mobility within the exhibit. Suggestions for future exhibit design include elevated locations for the cats to lay and look around within and outside their exhibits, caves for access to shade or relief from inclement weather, and ground surfaces to move about on. Features for exhibit design should take into consideration the natural habitat of the cat to occupy the exhibit.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher	DePaul University	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the degree of Master of Science at DePaul University.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1008			Serial	673
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	Author	Ming, M.; Yun, G.; Bo, W.
	Title	Chinese snow leopard team goes into action			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Man & the Biosphere	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	54	Issue	6	Pages	18-25
	Keywords	Chinese; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; action; China; country; countries; number; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; survey; research; recent; Xinjiang; ecology; tracking; Animal; field; Kunlun; camera; capture; Animals; survival
	Abstract	China, the world's most populous country, also contains the largest number of Snow Leopards of any country in the world. But the survey and research of the snow leopard had been very little for the second half of the 20th century. Until recent years, the members of Xinjiang Snow Leopards Group (XSLG/SLT/XFC) , the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences have been tracking down the solitary animal. The journal reporter does a face-to-face interview with professor Ma Ming who is a main responsible expert of the survey team. By the account of such conversation, we learn the achievements, advances and difficulty of research of snow leopards in the field, Tianshan and Kunlun, Xinjiang, the far west China, and we also know that why the team adopt the infrared camera to capture the animals. Last but not least professor talked about the survival menace faced by the Snow Leopards in Xinjiang.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	China	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	In Chinese; Edited by this magazine <Man & the Biosphere>			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 978			Serial	685
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	Author	Kolmstetter, C.; Munson, L.; Ramsay, E.C.
	Title	Degenerative spinal disease in large felids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	J Zoo Wildl Med	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	31	Issue	1	Pages	15-19
	Keywords	Age-Factors; Animal; Animals; zoo; Autopsy; veterinary; Carnivora; Female; Lions; Male; Age; factor; browse; 110
	Abstract	Degenerative spinal disorders, including intervertebral disc disease and spondylosis, seldom occur in domestic cats. In contrast, a retrospective study of 13 lions (Panthera leo), 16 tigers (Panthera tigris), 4 leopards (Panthera pardis), 1 snow leopard (Panthera uncia), and 3 jaguars (Panthera onca) from the Knoxville Zoo that died or were euthanatized from 1976 to 1996 indicated that degenerative spinal disease is an important problem in large nondomestic felids. The medical record, radiographic data, and the necropsy report of each animal were examined for evidence of intervertebral disc disease or spondylosis. Eight (three lions, four tigers, and one leopard) animals were diagnosed with degenerative spinal disease. Clinical signs included progressively decreased activity, moderate to severe rear limb muscle atrophy, chronic intermittent rear limb paresis, and ataxia. The age at onset of clinical signs was 10-19 yr (median = 18 yr). Radiographic evaluation of the spinal column was useful in assessing the severity of spinal lesions, and results were correlated with necropsy findings. Lesions were frequently multifocal, included intervertebral disc mineralization or herniation with collapsed intervertebral disc spaces, and were most common in the lumbar area but also involved cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Marked spondylosis was present in the cats with intervertebral disc disease, presumably subsequent to vertebral instability. Six of the animals' spinal cords were examined histologically, and five had acute or chronic damage to the spinal cord secondary to disc protrusion. Spinal disease should be suspected in geriatric large felids with decreased appetite or activity. Radiographic evaluation of the spinal column is the most useful method to assess the type and severity of spinal lesions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1042-7260	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 384			Serial	545
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	Author	Hast, M.H.
	Title	The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	J Anat	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	163	Issue		Pages	117-121
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; anatomy; histology; Cats; Comparative; study; Female; Larynx; physiology; Lions; Male; Vocal; Cords; vocalization; browse; 260
	Abstract	Dissections were made of the larynges of 14 species of the cat family, with representative specimens from all genera. It was found that the vocal folds of the larynx of genus Panthera (with the exception of the snow leopard) form the basic structure of a sound generator well- designed to produce a high acoustical energy. Combined with an efficient sound radiator (vocal tract) that can be adjusted in length, a Panthera can use its vocal instrument literally to blow its own horn with a 'roar'. Also, it is proposed that laryngeal morphology can be used as an anatomical character in mammalian taxonomy.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8782	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 143			Serial	374
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	Author	Roth, T.L.; Howard, J.G.; Donoghue, A.M.; Swanson, W.F.; Wildt, D.E.
	Title	Function and culture requirements of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) spermatozoa in vitro			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	J Reprod Fertil	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	101	Issue	3	Pages	563-569
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; physiology; Cell; survival; Cells; Cultured; Comparative; study; Culture; Media; Female; Male; Pentoxifylline; Sperm; Motility; Ovum; Interactions; Spermatozoa; cytology; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; non; us; gov't; government; 190
	Abstract	Electroejaculates from eight snow leopards were used to determine how the motility of spermatozoa was influenced by (i) type of media (Ham's F10, PBS, human tubal fluid or RPMI-1640); (ii) holding temperature (23 degrees C versus 37 degrees C); (iii) washing of spermatozoa and (iv) a sperm metabolic enhancer, pentoxifylline. The duration of sperm motility was assessed by evaluating samples in each treatment every hour for 6 h and a sperm motility index (a value combining percentage sperm motility and rate of forward progression) calculated. Spermatozoa from the Ham's F10, PBS and PBS plus pentoxifylline treatments were also co-incubated with zona-intact, domestic cat eggs that were fixed and evaluated for spermatozoa bound to the zona pellucida, penetrating the outer and inner layers of the zona pellucida and within the perivitelline space. During the 6 h co-incubation, the sperm motility index in PBS with pentoxifylline was greater (P < 0.05) than in PBS alone which, in turn, was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other three test media. Washing the spermatozoa enhanced (P < 0.05) motility in both PBS and PBS plus pentoxifylline relative to unwashed samples, but there was no effect (P > 0.05) of holding temperature. Pentoxifylline supplementation enhanced (P < 0.05) the proportion of cat eggs with bound, but not penetrated, snow leopard spermatozoa in the inner layer of the zona pellucida, and there were no spermatozoa in the perivitelline space.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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	ISSN	0022-4251	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 253			Serial	828
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	Author	Jiang, Z.
	Title	Snow leopards in the Dulan International Hunting Ground, Qinghai, China			Type	Report
	Year	2005	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; International; hunting; Qinghai; China; project; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; surveys; survey; mountains; mountain; province; transect; study; area; transects; pug; pug marks; pug-marks; marks; scrapes; scrape; density; densities; wild; ungulates; ungulate; region; camera; environment; photo; capture; population; population size; population-size; Animals; Animal; 20; livestock; Human; attitudes; attitude; tibetan; 30; nature; reserve; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; species; snow line; snow-line; endemic; alpine; central; Central Asia; asia; countries; country; fox; range; areas; Xinjiang; inner; Inner-Mongolia; Mongolia; Tibet; gansu; Sichuan; habitat; protection; nature reserves; reserves; cat; populations; domestic; laws; law; field; field surveys; field survey; field-surveys; field-survey; Kunlun; distribution; survival; status; Data; conservation
	Abstract	From March to May, 2006œªwe conducted extensive snow leopard surveys in the Burhanbuda Mountain Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, China. 32 linear transect of 5~15 km each, which running through each vegetation type, were surveyed within the study area. A total of 72 traces of snow leopard were found along 4 transects (12.5% of total transects). The traces included pug marks or footprints, scrapes and urine marks. We estimated the average density of wild ungulates in the region was 2.88ñ0.35 individuals km-2(n=29). We emplaced 16 auto2 trigger cameras in different environments and eight photos of snow leopard were shot by four cameras and the capture rate of snow leopard was 71.4%. The minimum snow leopard population size in the Burhanbuda Mountain was two, because two snow leopards were phototrapped by different cameras at almost same time. Simultaneously, the cameras also shot 63 photos of other wild animals, including five photos are unidentified wild animals, and 20 photos of livestock. We evaluated the human attitudes towards snow leopard by interviewing with 27 Tibetan householders of 30 householders live in the study area. We propose to establish a nature reserve for protecting and managing snow leopards in the region. Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is considered as a unique species because it lives above the snow line, it is endemic to alpines in Central Asia, inhabiting in 12 countries across Central Asia (Fox, 1992). Snow leopard ranges in alpine areas in Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Gansu and Sichuan in western China (Liao, 1985, 1986; Zhou, 1987; Ma et al., 2002; Jiang & Xu, 2006). The total population and habitat of snow leopards in China are estimated to be 2,000~2,500 individuals and 1,824,316 km2, only 5% of which is under the protection of nature reserves. The cat's current range is fragmented (Zou & Zheng, 2003). Due to strong human persecutions, populations of snow leopards decreased significantly since the end of the 20th century. Thus, the snow leopards are under the protection of international and domestic laws. From March to May, 2006, we conducted two field surveys in Zhiyu Village, Dulan County in Burhanbuda Mountain, Kunlun Mountains, China to determine the population, distribution and survival status of snow leopards in the area. The aim of the study was to provide ecologic data for snow leopard conservation.
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	Notes	Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1068			Serial	493
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	Author	Yazan Yu.P.
	Title	The Almaty state nature reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	162-164
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Almaty nature reserve; establishment; climate; physiographic factors; plants; Animals; insects; reptiles; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 8590; Russian
	Abstract	History of the Alma-Ata nature reserve establishment, its location physical and geographic data, climate, and vegetation zones are described. Fauna of the protected area is represented by 64 mammal species, and about 200 bird species. Briefly described are behavioural patterns of roe deer, moral, wild boar, Siberian ibex, snow leopard, lynx, brown bear, and marten, and other mammals of the mountainous area.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 836			Serial	1058
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	Author	Schaffer, E.; Wiesner, H.; Von Hegel, G.
	Title	Multiple ocular coloboma (MOC) with persistent pupillary membrane in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Tierarztl Prax	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	16	Issue	1	Pages	87-91
	Keywords	Animal; Carnivora; Case; Report; Coloboma; etiology; pathology; veterinary; Comparative; study; Eyelids; abnormalities; Male; Optic; Nerve; Syndrome; browse; 270; german
	Abstract	In a litter of three snow leopards, bilateral colobomata of the upper temporal eyelids, bilateral persistent pupillary membranes and a unilateral coloboma of the optic nerve entrance are described as “Multiple Ocular Colobomata” (MOC). The causal pathogenesis of each of the colobomata is discussed comparatively. The colobomata of the eyelids, essential feature of the MOC syndrome in snow leopards, are most probably not of hereditary, but rather of intrauterine infectious viral origin.
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	ISSN	0303-6286	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: German			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 112			Serial	851
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	Author	Potapov R.
	Title	On the top of ridges			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	146-162
	Keywords	Tajikistan; Pamir; Animals; snow leopard; ibex.; 7970; Russian
	Abstract	In a popular form, it says about wildlife of Pamir, unique animal kingdom of highlands. The author describes his personal encounter with snow leopard following a herd of ibex and thinks of peculiarities of this large predator and reasons for hunting it.
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	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	Tiger gully. Unknown world.
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 775			Serial	785
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