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Author Ale, S.; Brown, J.
Title The contingencies of group size and vigilance Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Research, Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue Pages 1263-1276
Keywords attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy
Abstract (up) Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.

Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.

Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?

Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.

Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 886 Serial 53
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Author Zhang, F.; Jiang, Z.; Zeng, Y.; McCarthy, T.
Title Development of primers to characterize the mitochondrial control region of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Molecular Ecology Notes Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue Pages 1196-1198
Keywords control region,Felidae,mitochondrial DNA,snow leopard,species-specific primers; genetics; development; mitochondrial; control; region; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia
Abstract (up) The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a rare carnivore living above the snow line in central Asia. Using universal primers for the mitochondrial genome control region hypervariable

region 1 (HVR1), we isolated a 411-bp fragment of HVR1 and then designed specific primers

near each end of this sequence in the conserved regions. These primers were shown to yield

good polymerase chain reaction products and to be species specific. Of the 12 snow leopards

studied, there were 11 segregating sites and six haplotypes. An identification case of snow

leopard carcass (confiscated by the police) proved the primers to be a useful tool for forensic

diagnosis in field and population genetics studies.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 911 Serial 1073
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Author Xu, F.; Ma, M.; Wu, Y.-Q.
Title Population density and habitat utilization of ibex in Tomur National Nature Reserve,Xinjiang,China Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords densities; density; habitat; habitat utilization; ibex; national; nature; population; Population-Density; Tomur
Abstract (up)
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 867 Serial 1037
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Author WWF Mongolia
Title WWF Mongolia Kiosk Design 2007 Type Report
Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-8
Keywords WWF Mongolia, kiosk
Abstract (up)
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Corporate Author WWF Mongolia Thesis
Publisher WWF Mongolia Place of Publication Mongolia Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Mongolian, Russian, Chinese Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1102
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Author Titar, V.M.; McGregor, T.; Hammer, M.
Title Monitoring of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775) in the Talduair massif in the Altai Type Book Chapter
Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 340-343
Keywords
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Russian Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1146
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Author Namgail, T.
Title Vigilance behaviour of the Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in the Indian Trans-Himalaya Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Acta Zoologica Sinica Abbreviated Journal
Volume 53 Issue Pages 195-200
Keywords Tibertan argali, Ovis ammon, vigilance, dilution effect, Ladakh, Trans-Himalaya
Abstract (up) An inverse relationship between individual vigilance level and group size is widely reported in many behavioral studies on animals across several taxa. It is generally held that such a relationship is due to a reduced probability of an individual being killed in larger groups. in the present investigation, I studied the vigilance behavior of the endangered Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in relation to group size and escape terrain. I hypothesized that an individual argali has a higher vigilance level in smaller groups and in habitats closer to cliffs than individuals living in larger groups and open areas (escape terrain). The results show that the vigilance of argali decreased with increasing group size, but there was no effect of escape terrain on its vigilance behavior. There were significant differences between age-sex groups: male, female and yearling in their time budgets. Females, compared to males and yearlings, spent more time being vigilant. They also foraged more and moved less than males. It is suggested that vigilance is an important anti-predator behavior amongst argali sheep.
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Notes Abstract also available in Chinese Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1310
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Author Christiansen, P.
Title Canine morphology in the larger Felidae: implications for feeding ecology Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Biological Journal of the Linnean Society Abbreviated Journal
Volume 91 Issue Pages 573-592
Keywords bite force, canine, clouded leopard, feeding behaviour, felid, Homotherium serum, leopard, Megantereoncultridens, morphology, Neofelis nebulosa, paleontology, Panthera pardus, Panthera tigris, puma, Puma concolor, Smilodon fatalis, Smilodon populator, snow leopard, Uncia uncia
Abstract (up) Canine morphology is analysed at seven intervals along the crown in both

anteroposterior and lateromedial perspective in seven species of large felids. The puma and the snow leopard have stout, rather conical canines, whereas those of lions, jaguars, and tigers bear substantial resemblance to each other, reflecting their phylogenetic relationships, and are less conical and large. The canines of the leopard are intermediate in morphology between those of the other species, probably reflecting its more generalized diet. The clouded leopard has very large and blade-like canines, which are different from the other analysed species. Canine bending strengths to estimated bite forces appear to differ less among the species than morphology,indicating that the evolution of canines has been constricted with respect to their strength in failure, probably owing to their being equally important for species fitness. However, the clouded leopard again stands out, having a high estimated bite force and rather weak canines in bending about the anteroposterior as well as lateromedial planes compared to the other species. Canine morphology to some extent reflects differences in killing mode, but also appears to be related to the phylogeny. The marked divergence of the clouded leopard is presently not understood.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1115
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Author Tuya, T.
Title Short report on basic and intermediate level training on wool processing/Tsagaangol project Type Report
Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-2
Keywords WWF Mongolia, wool processing, community, herder, Tsagaangol
Abstract (up) During 21-28 December of 2007 in a framework of the ‘Tsagaangol’ project wool processing training for one week was held in Ulaangom city.

Totally, 6 people, of which 2 herders from Uureg community, 3 herders from Argaltkharig community and 1 ranger have participated.

In accordance to the curricula of the training had held 4 hours of theoretical lectures and 94 hours of practical exercises. The intermediate level course was provided for two people Mrs. Yanjinlham and Odontuya who previously involved in basic level training. Mrs. Yanjilham also was trained as trainer during this session as following the guidelines came from the trainers. During this she taught on how to design, cut out and color. During the training herders obtained the following skills:

- Clean, sort, lay out and color wool;

- 14 -16 skills on felting and tighten wool accepted internationally;

- Drawing on felt or paper with different scales;

- 4 different technology on drawing and coloring felt (color felt evenly, adsorbing, coloring

through knit and color using dry colors);

- Laying out the picture on felt using wet or dry methods and perforate using a felt needle;

- Draw picture ion felt using the wool colors;

- Design Hunnu relief patterns, draw and knit;

- Design and cut out, estimation and evaluation of resources, and different type of embroidery as dog’s teeth, triple fifths, seven spin of edges, crossing, string piping,classic khalkha stitching, quilt stitching, bottom stitching, knitting relief stitching edges,spinning different edges, terme etc.

During week long training herders learnt how to cut out 8-9 designs and produced 44 products. The training was well organized in terms of its facilitation and organization. We are grateful for herders who were very active and worked for extended hours voluntary. Willing of herders to learn and to practice has increased comparing to the previous activities.
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Corporate Author WWF Mongolia Thesis
Publisher WWF Mongolia Place of Publication Mongolia Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Tsagaangol project, Uvs aimag 21-28 December 2007 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1101
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Author Ale, S.B.; Yonzon, P.; Thapa, K.
Title Recovery of snow leopard Uncia uncia in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 41 Issue Pages 89-92
Keywords Nepal; recovery; Sagarmatha Mount Everest National Park; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; surveys; survey; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; valley; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; using; information; management; system; research; transects; transect; sign; areas; area; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; 40; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; location; recent; species; grazing; land; Forest; habitat; domestic; wild; ungulates; ungulate; livestock; tourism; development; traditional; land use; land-use; use; wildlife
Abstract (up) From September to November 2004 we conducted surveys of snow leopard Uncia uncia signs in three major valleys in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park in Nepal using the Snow Leopard Information Management System, a standardized survey technique for snow leopard research. We walked 24 transects covering c. 14 km and located 33 sites with 56 snow leopard signs, and 17 signs incidentally in other areas. Snow leopards appear to have re-inhabited the Park, following their disappearance c. 40 years ago, apparently following the recovery of Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus and musk deer Moschus chrysogaster populations. Taken together the locations of all 73 recent snow leopard signs indicate that the species is using predominantly grazing land and shrubland/ open forest at elevations of 3,000-5,000 m, habitat types that are also used by domestic and wild ungulates. Sagarmatha is the homeland of c. 3,500 Buddhist Sherpas with .3,000 livestock. Along with tourism and associated developments in Sagarmatha, traditional land use practices could be used to ensure coexistence of livestock and wildlife, including the recovering snow leopards, and ensure the wellbeing of the Sherpas.
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Notes http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Ale_2007.pdf Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 884 Serial 58
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Author Dawa, T., Farrington, J., Norbu, K.
Title Competition and Coexistence: Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet Type Book Whole
Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract (up) In Chinese and English.

Note: this is a slightly expanded book version of the following report with a full Chinese translation: Tsering Dawa, John D. Farrington, and Kelsang Norbu. Human-wildlife Conflict in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet: The Impact of Tibetan Brown Bears and other Wildlife on Nomadic Herders with Recommendations for Conflict Mitigation. Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China: WWF China-Lhasa Field Office, 2006.

The multiple-use Chang Tang and Seling Lake Nature Reserves were created in 1993 to protect the unique assemblage of large fauna inhabiting the high-altitude steppe grasslands of northern Tibet, including the Tibetan antelope, Tibetan wild ass, Tibetan brown bear, Tibetan Gazelle, wild yak, and snow leopard. Prior to creation of the reserve, many of these species were heavily hunted for meat and sale of parts. Since creation of the reserve, however, killing of wildlife by subsistence hunters and commercial poachers has declined while in the past five years a new problem has emerged, that of human-wildlife conflict. With human, livestock, and wildlife populations in the reserves all increasing, and animals apparently emboldened by reserve-wide hunting bans, all forms of human-wildlife conflict have surged rapidly since 2001. This conflict takes on four primary forms in the Chang Tang region: 1)killing of domestic livestock in corrals and on open pastures by Tibetan brown bears, snow leopards, and other predators, 2) Tibetan brown bears badly damaging herders’ cabins and tents in search of food, 3) loss of important grass resources to large herds of widely migrating wild ungulates, particularly the Tibetan wild ass, possibly leading to winter starvation of livestock, 4) driving off of domestic female yaks by wild yak bulls in search of harems.

In April of 2006, the authors conducted a wildlife conflict survey of 300 herding households in Nagchu Prefecture&#146;s Shenzha, Tsonyi, and Nyima Counties. Results showed that the 87 percent of households had experienced some form of wildlife conflict since 1990. The Tibetan brown bear was the largest source of wildlife conflict, affecting 49 percent of surveyed households, followed by grazing competition conflict which affected 36 percent of surveyed households, and snow leopard conflict which affected 24 percent of surveyed households. Type and frequency of wildlife conflict problems cut across all three surveyed socio-economic factors, residence type, size of living group, and economic status/herd size, and was primarily a function of location. A break down of incidences of human-wildlife conflict into three 5 to 6-year time periods between January 1990 and April 2006 revealed dramatic increases in conflict occurring since 2001. When compared to the 1990-1995 period, the incidence of conflict today ranged from 2.6 times higher for fox conflict to 5.5 times higher for conflict with snow leopards, while there was a 4.6 fold increase in the occurrence of bear conflict. From second-hand accounts and wildlife remains confiscated from herders, it is now believed that retaliatory killing of wildlife rivals commercial poaching as the greatest threat to the continued existence of the Chang Tang region's large fauna. Human-wildlife conflict reduction strategies and wildlife conservation education programs must be devised and implemented in order to halt the retaliatory killing of wildlife by nomadic herders in the Chang Tang.
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Corporate Author WWF Thesis
Publisher Tibet People’s Publishing House Place of Publication Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China Editor
Language English Summary Language Chinese Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1149
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