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Egorov O.V. (1955). Enemies, infections, parasites and mortality rate of ibex (Vol. Vol. 42.).
Abstract: Reasons for ibex and argali mortality from natural enemies, parasites, infections, accidents, and hunters are analyzed. Snow leopard is one of the most dangerous enemies of ibex and argali, preying equally on both young and mature animals (mostly males). Snow leopard feeds upon ibex all year round. Unlike wolf, snow leopard would never kill several animals at a time, but only one selected victim. The food remains left by these predators are different in terms of the skull gnawing. Nasal bones and eye-sockets on the skull of ibex killed by snow leopard remain undamaged, while wolf gnaws off nasal part of the skull, breaks eye-sockets, eats lower jaw, widens occipital hole and pulls out brains. Snow leopard leaves large pieces of skin around the skeleton of the victim, whereas wolf tears it to shreds or eats up fully. Sometimes parts of the victim left by snow leopard are eaten by wolf. It is easy to mix the remains of snow leopard's or griffon vulture's food. The remains differ in skin being turned inside out rather than torn to large pieces.
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Kuznetsov B.A. (1950). The mountainous province in Central Asia (Vol. Edition 20th. (XXXV). New series. Zoological secti).
Abstract: The landscape and biologic diversity of Central Asia's mountains are described. Different types of fauna complexes are segregated. Snow leopard, dhole, and ibex are referred to Central Asia's highland species.
Keywords: Central Asia; landscapes; biodiversity; mountain zone; fauna; snow leopard.; 7510; Russian
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Esipov A.V. (2003). The 56th anniversary of the Chatkal reserve (Vol. 15).
Abstract: Being one of nine nature reserves in Uzbekistan, Chatkal was established in 1947. Its area changed its size and administrative jurisdiction. Foothills adjacent to the nature reserve were long ago inhabited and developed by people. In Middle Ages, the area of juniperous forest reduced considerably because of mining operations. There are rare mammal species in the nature reserve, such as snow leopard, bear, Menzbier's marmot, and six rare bird species
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; fauna; rare species; snow leopard.; 6610; Russian
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Koshkarev E. (1998). Critical Ranges as Centres of Biodiversity (Vol. N 14).
Abstract: A high percentage of rare species in Central Asia experience limited conditions for distribution. Geographic centers with higher species diversity are generally constrained in terms of territory: they are formed when ranges overlap. But in Central Asia and along its borders with Russia, centers of biodiversity overlap at the very marginal edges of ranges. Central Asian species cross into Russian territory, where desert and steppe are replaced by thick forest. Here the northern borders of their ranges are sharply fragmented and isolated. Typical examples for Central Asia are the ranges of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), Asian leopard (Panthera pardus caucasica), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Bukhara deer (Census elaphus bactrianus), markhor (Capra falconeri), blue sheep (Pseudois nayauf) and argali (Ovis ammon). In Russia are the Altai subspecies of argali, the Siberian argali (O.a.ammon), the mountain goat (Capra sibirica), Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa), snow leopard (Uncia uncia), Pallas' cat (Felis manul), dhole (Cuon alpinus), grey marmot (Marmota baibacina), Mongolian marmot (M. sibirica) and tolai hare (Lepus tolai). Where the numbers o f individuals has fallen to extreme lows, the most effective mechanism for species survival may be supporting the integrity of ranges, in order to preserve population exchanges between neighboring groups. The geographic location of reserves and other protected territories is vitally important for the survival of Central Asian species, given the acute fragmentation of their ranges. These reserves should include significant, viable centers of population the key places. Wherever the creation of permanent protected territories is impossible, a new tactic must be found, such as introducing temporary limitations on the use of land for agriculture and hunting. But all protected territories, whether temporary or permanent, should be connected, forming a core and periphery. The marginal range areas must not be forgotten, if total protection of endangered populations is to be accomplished.
Keywords: Central Asia; biodiversity; rare species; species survival; snow leopard.; 7270; Russian
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Kuznetzov B.A. (1948). Felidae (Vol. Vol.13 (XXVIII)).
Abstract: The snow leopard widely wide distributed in mountains of Middle and Central Asia. Irbis meets in Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Jungarian and Zaili Ala Tau, Kirghiz ridge and Talass within the Kazakhstan. The snow leopard is very rare in Southern Altai, and probably it stay here occasionally.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; distribution; snow leopard.; 7490; Russian
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Kaletskiy A. (1978). They must live (Vol. N 11.).
Abstract: Among large predators included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and Red List of IUCN the author describes snow leopard. A population of snow leopard in the USSR is estimated to be 500 animals, and no more than 1,000 in the world. In the past, irbis was believed to be a harmful animal and hunting for this species was encouraged. Today, population of the predator is reducing because of poaching and decreasing number of species it preys on such as ibex, wild sheep, wild boar, and marmots. The situation is exacerbated by biological features of this species first of all its slow rate of reproduction. It is concluded that snow leopard needs urgent protection measures since the species is on the verge of disappearance.
Keywords: Ussr; Red Data book; endangeres species; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7050; Russian
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Marma B.B.and Yunchis V.V. (1968). A contribution to biology of the Snow-leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) (by observations in captivity) (Vol. XLVII, issue 11.).
Abstract: The methods to obtain the progeny of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) in captivity were being elaborated in the zoological garden of Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR. The blood characteristics for snow leopards is given and compared to that for African lions and Sumatrian tigers. A series of internal, external and clinical indices is established. The rat lasts for 5-7 day, the duration of pregnancy equals 98 days. The duration of lactation varies from 3 to 4 months. Sexual maturity is attained on the 3rd-4th year. From 1960 to 1967 in zoological garden of the world about 29 snow leopards were born, 14 of them in the Kaunas zoological garden.
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Esipov V.M. (1978). The nature reserve in the spurs of Tien Shan (Vol. Vol.8.).
Abstract: The Chatkal state mountain forest nature reserve is located in western spurs of the Chatkal ridge. The permanent inhabitants of the nature reserve are ibex, wild boar, roe-deer, bear, badger, porcupine, stone marten, fox, ermine, Menzbier's marmot, and relict suslik (gopher), and bird species such as gray partridge, snow-cock, black vulture, griffon vulture, etc. Under special protection are rare animal and bird species such as snow leopard, Menzbier's marmot, bearded vulture, golden eagle, etc.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; location; Animals; snow leopard.; 6560; Russian
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Kolbintsev V.G. (2001). Modern status of endangered vertebrates in Aksu Jabagly nature reserve (Vol. Vol.8.).
Abstract: Data on number of several endangered vertebrates inhabiting in Aksu Jabagly nature reserve in 1990-2000 are given. Number of snow leopard is rather stable and evaluated as 2-3 pairs.
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Koshkarev E. (2001). About snow leopard (Vol. Vol. 8.).
Abstract: In 1980-s, in Central Asia there were 1,500-1,700 snow leopards: 800-900 in Kyrgyzstan, 500 in Tajikistan, 200 in Kazakhstan, and 100 in Uzbekistan. During the last century the number of snow leopard was constantly decreasing, though a its drastic reduction was observed after the collapse of the Soviet Union because of increased poaching for snow leopard and its objects of prey. The highest level of poaching was observed to occur in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan's population of snow leopard reduced to 200 animals. A decrease of snow leopard number in other parts of its habitat with less intense hunting (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, south-west Kyrgyzstan) was mostly because of depletion of food resources (population of ungulates reduced five eight times). The reasons are corruption and unemployment. In order to improve the situation it is required to improve regulatory framework and replicate existing positive experience in economic motivation of nature protection activities.
Keywords: Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7290; Russian
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