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Author Aizin B.M. url 
  Title Distribution, number and seasonal behavioral patterns of Panthera uncia Scheber in Kyrgyzstan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol. 1. Issue Pages 19-20  
  Keywords Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; distribution; number; trade.; 5900; Russian  
  Abstract In Kyrgyzstan, snow leopard can be met almost in all mountain ridges (Kok-Kiya, Atbasha, Kyrgyz, Terskey, Kungei, Talas, Chatkal, Alai, Zaalai), where it keeps to alpine meadow, woodless rock and snowfield zones. The number of snow leopard does not exceed 1,500 animals. Seven to 10 animals are annually caught for the needs of zoo-export.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of the 1st international congress on mammals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 569 Serial 45  
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Author Aizin B.M. url 
  Title Rare predatory mammal species and their protection in Kyrgyzstan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 4-5  
  Keywords Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; distribution; number; trade.; 5910; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard is met in all mountain ridges in Kyrgyzstan. Every year 7 10 animals are caught for the purpose of zoo export. Total population of snow leopard in the country does not exceed 1,400 animals.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of predatory mammals' protection and sustainable use. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 570 Serial 46  
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Author Aizin B.M. url 
  Title Snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 22-23  
  Keywords Kyrgyzstan; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; biology; number; fluctuation; protection.; 5930; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard is a rare and endangered species, distributed in all mountain ridges of Kyrgyzstan. Its population is 1,400 animals, density being 0.2 0.5 animal per 1,000 ha. Its population was noticed to decrease in some ridges because of decreasing populations of mountain ungulates. 200 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export over the last 20 years. This species is protected in the nature reserves Sary Chelek, Besh Aral, and natural park Ala Archa.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kyrgyz SSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 572 Serial 47  
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Author Akimushkin I. url 
  Title Snow leopard or irbis Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1971 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 210-211  
  Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; behavior; reproduction.; 5990; Russian  
  Abstract The biology of snow leopard is described in a popular form. Information of distribution, behavior and reproductive biology, etc. is given.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Russian Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animal kingdom. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 578 Serial 48  
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Author Akimushkin I. url 
  Title Snow leopard or irbis Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 139-140  
  Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; number; food; behavior; reproduction; threats.; 6000; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard behavioral patterns, food preferences, and reproduction are described in a popular way. The population of snow leopard is defined to be 1,000 animals. A reason for the population decline is hunting for the sake of beautiful fur.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animal kingdom. Mammals or animals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 579 Serial 49  
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Author Ale S. url 
  Title Have snow leopards made a comeback to the Everest region of Nepal? Type Report
  Year 2005 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-21  
  Keywords snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; region; Nepal; Report; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; 1960; endangered; Sagarmatha; High; Himalaya; tourism; impact; establishment; national; national park; National-park; park; 1980; area; Tibet; surveys; survey; status; Cats; cat; prey; research; project; sign; transects; transect; length; valley; Response; hunting; recovery; Himalayan; tahr; density; densities; range; pugmarks; sighting; 60; study; population; predators; predator; structure; prey species; prey-species; species; populations; mortality; effects; predation; population dynamics  
  Abstract In the 1960s, the endangered snow leopard was locally extirpated from the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) region of Nepal. In this Sherpa-inhabited high Himalaya, the flourishing tourism since the ascent of Mt Everest in 1953, has caused both prosperity and adverse impacts, the concern that catalyzed the establishment of Mt. Everest National Park in the region in 1976. In the late 1980s, there were reports that some transient snow leopards may have visited the area from adjoining Tibet, but no biological surveys exist to confirm the status of the cats and their prey. Have snow leopards finally returned to the top of the world? Exploring this question was the main purpose of this research project. We systematically walked altogether 24 sign transects covering over 13 km in length in three valleys, i.e. Namche, Phortse and Gokyo, of the park, and counted several snow leopard signs. The results indicated that snow leopards have made a comeback in the park in response to decades of protective measures, the virtual cessation of hunting and the recovery of the Himalayan tahr which is snow leopard's prey. The average sign density (4.2 signs/km and 2.5 sign sites/km) was comparable to that reported from other parts of the cats' range in the Himalaya. On this basis, we estimated the cat density in the Everest region between 1 to 3 cats per 100 sq km, a figure that was supported by different sets of pugmarks and actual sightings of snow leopards in the 60 km2 sample survey area. In the study area, tahr population had a low reproductive rate (e.g. kids-to-females ratio, 0.1, in Namche). Since predators can influence the size and the structure of prey species populations through mortality and through non-lethal effects or predation risk, snow leopards could have been the cause of the population dynamics of tahr in Sagarmtha, but this study could not confirm this speculation for which further probing may be required.  
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  Notes Progress report for the International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1063 Serial 50  
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Author Ale, S. url 
  Title Conservation of the snow leopard in Nepal Type Miscellaneous
  Year Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Nepal; radio-collars; tracking; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; conservation; livestock; religion; folklore; blue-sheep; blue; sheep; browse; radio collars; radio; collar; collars; annapurna conservation area; annapurna; area; protected; areas; 4080  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available at URL Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 2 Serial 51  
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Author Ale, S.; Whelan, C. url 
  Title Reappraisal of the role of big, fierce predators Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication Biodiversity Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 685-690  
  Keywords Biodiversity ú Conservation ú Costs of predation ú Indirect effects ú Non-lethal effects ú Predators ú Top-down control; big; predators; predator  
  Abstract The suggestion in the early 20th century that top predators were a necessary component of ecosystems because they hold herbivore populations in check and promote biodiversity was at Wrst accepted and then largely rejected. With the advent of Evolutionary Ecology and a more full appreciation of direct and indirect effects of top predators, this role of top predators is again gaining acceptance. The previous views were predicated upon lethal effects of predators but largely overlooked their non-lethal effects. We suggest that

conceptual advances coupled with an increased use of experiments have convincingly demonstrated that prey experience costs that transcend the obvious cost of death. Prey species use adaptive behaviours to avoid predators, and these behaviours are not cost-free. With predation risk, prey species greatly restrict their use of available habitats and consumption of available food resources. Effects of top predators consequently cascade down to the trophic levels below them. Top predators, the biggies, are thus both the targets of and the means for conservation at the landscape scale.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 885 Serial 52  
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Author Ale, S.; Brown, J. url 
  Title The contingencies of group size and vigilance Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2007 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Research, Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 9 Issue Pages 1263-1276  
  Keywords attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy  
  Abstract Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.

Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.

Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?

Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.

Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
 
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 886 Serial 53  
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Author Ale, S.B. url 
  Title Snow Leopard in Remote Districts of Nepal Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume xii Issue Pages  
  Keywords Nepal; Manang; livestock; livestock-depredation; baiting; predation; villagers; herders; annapurna; retribution; conservation; management; training; tourism; browse; 4600  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume (down) Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 447 Serial 54  
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