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	Author	Freeman, H., Braden, K.
	Title	Zoo location as a factopr in the reproductive behavior of captive snow leopards, Uncia uncia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Zoological Garten J.F.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	47	Issue	3/4	Pages	280-288
	Keywords	snow leopard, captivity, behavior, breeding, reproduction
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1256
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	Author	Rishi, V.
	Title	Snow leopards breed at Darjeeling Zoo			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Zoo's Print	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-4
	Keywords	India; snow leopard; zoo
	Abstract
	Address
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 988			Serial	824
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	Author	Broder, J.; MacFadden, A.; Cosens, L.; Rosenstein, D.; Harrison, T.
	Title	Use of Positive Reinforcement Conditioning to Monitor Pregnancy in an Unanesthetized Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) via Transabdominal Ultrasound			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2008	Publication	Zoo Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	27	Issue		Pages	78-85
	Keywords	desensitization; fetal development; operant conditioning; pregnancy detection; primiparous; snow leopard; zoo
	Abstract	Closely monitoring snow leopard (Uncia uncia) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. The staff at Potter Park Zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard (U. uncia). Ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. The animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. Fetuses were observed and measured on both occasions. The absence of anesthesia eliminated components of psychologic and physiologic stress associated with sedation. This was the first recorded instance of transabdominal ultrasound being carried out on an unanesthetized snow leopard. It documents the feasibility of detecting pregnancy and monitoring fetal development via ultrasound.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 905			Serial	196
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	Author	Freeman, H.
	Title	Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Zoo Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue	1	Pages	1-22
	Keywords	behavior; zoo; zoos; captive; captivity; estrus; breeding; mating; veterinary; browse; 1600
	Abstract	Eight adult pairs of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were observed for one to three years in the months December through March to determine the species' social and reproductive characteristics in captivity. To statistically examine the occurrence of behaviors as a function of estrus, the observation weeks were divided into three time blocks: before estrus, estrus, and after estrus. Using percentage of scan samples as an estimate of time spent in various behaviors, 16 behaviors and combined behavior categories were examined for (1) behaviors that differentiated successfully from unsuccessfully breeding pairs, (2) sex differences in behavior, (3) significant correlations between pair members, and (4) behaviors that showed time block effects. The rationale for identifying a behavioral profile of successful breeders in snow leopards was to aid zoos in their captive management programs by increasing their knowledge of the social behavior of this species. By finding correlates to breeding success, informed decisions on whether to change partners after a certain period of time, how to group the cats, and the optimum strategy for a survival plan can be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 60			Serial	319
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	Author	Graham, L.H.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Raeside, J.I.; Liptrap, R.M.
	Title	Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestins			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Zoo Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	223-237
	Keywords	Artificial-Breeding-Program; captive-management; Estradiol-17beta; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Progestin; sexual-behavior; genetics; zoo; medicine; veterinary; snow-leopard; feces; fecal-analysis; snow leopard; artificial; breeding; program; captive; management; Estradiol; 17beta; sexual; behavior; browse; snow; leopard; fecal; analysis; 1390
	Abstract	An extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3-20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol-17-beta antiserum cross-reacted primarily with estradiol-17-beta in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol-17-beta in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol-17-beta peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 +- 13.1; lions, 186.0 +- 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 +- 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 +- 9.0; caracals, 24.5 +- 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 +- 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P lt 0,001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 +- 0.6; lions, 1.9 +- 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 +- 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 +- 0.4 mu-g/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one-half to two-thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 279			Serial	345
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	Author	Rieger, I.; Peters, G.
	Title	Observations on the mating and vocal behavior of snow leopards (Uncia-uncia) in zoological garden			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde International Journal of Mamamalian Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	46	Issue	1	Pages	35-48
	Keywords	mating; breeding; vocalization; zoos; zoo; veterinary; behavior; browse; 1570
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	Notes	Publisher:GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG, JENA Document Type: German			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 59			Serial	821
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	Author	Ziegelmayer, K.
	Title	Tourism and Development: Implications for Snow Leopard Conservation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal			Type	Magazine Article
	Year		Publication	Yale F & ES Bulletin	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	103
	Keywords
	Abstract	The Annapurna Conservation Area was established in 1986 to manage environmental degradation. Its designation as a “conservation area,” as opposed to a “park,” was based on the World Wildlife Fund’s Integrated Conservation and Development approach. The goal was to maintain positive relations with indigenous people while protecting and conserving the area’s rich natural resources. The indigenous population was allowed to live in the designated area, and was also encouraged to take a partnership role in its management and sustainable development, in conjunction with the Annapurna Conservation Area Project management team. Though the Annapurna Conservation Area Project has achieved notable success in terms of both community development and protected area management, the focus on tourism (the area is Nepal’s most popular trekking destination) as the means to achieve the project’s development goals has led to a neglect of other stated goals, particularly wildlife conservation. The program lacks explicit linkages between wildlife conservation (e.g., the endangered snow leopard (Unica unica)) and community development, for example. This paper describes and analyzes how the project has handled snow leopard conservation. Alternative approaches for snow leopard conservation include coercive enforcement by the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, persuasive environmental education and outreach, agricultural extension assistance, from monetary compensation for livestock killed to monetary rewards for information on snow leopard poaching. I recommend several alternatives to improve snow leopard conservation. First, establish stronger and more formal links between the Annapurna Conservation Area Project and the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation. The department has the legal authority to enforce the endangered species policy that protects snow leopards, but no physical presence within the conservation area. Second, agricultural outreach could provide the subsistence pastoralists with direct economic gains while reducing snow leopard depredation of livestock. This alternative fits well with the development philosophy of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project. Third, increase entrance fees, setting aside a portion for snow leopard conservation. This allows tourists, who value the snow leopard positively, to share in the cost of its conservation. Taken together, these alternatives will improve snow leopard conservation while maintaining the spirit and philosophy of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1342
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	Author	Halemba, A.; Donahoe, B.
	Title	Local perspectives on hunting and poaching: Research report for WWF Russia Altai-Saian Ecoregion			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	WWF Report	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-34
	Keywords	attitudes; hunting; poaching; Russia; snow leopard; Wwf; local; research; Report; attitude; region; snow; snow-leopard; leopard
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	Notes	WWF Russia released a report in English by Agnieszka Halemba of the University of Leipzigand Brian Donahoe of the Max Planck Institute on attitudes toward hunting and poaching in the Altai-Sayan region, including some material on attitudes toward snow leopard hunting. The report can be downloaded at http://www.wwf.ru/altay/eng/.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 942			Serial	369
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	Author	Karnaukhov А. S., Korablev М. P., Kuksin А. N., Malykh S. V., Poyarkov А. D., Spitsyn S. V., Chistopolova М. D., Hernandez-Blanco J. A.
	Title	Snow Leopard Population Monitoring Guidebook (English)			Type	Guidebook
	Year	2020	Publication	WWF	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	165
	Keywords	English
	Abstract	The “Snow Leopard Population Monitoring Guidebook” is the result of a multiyear effort to study and monitor the status of key snow leopard populations in the Russian Federation conducted by WWF Russia specialists alongside colleagues in protected areas and the Severtsov Institute for Ecology and Evolution (Russian Academy of Sciences). The book provides the most recent data regarding the distribution and population of the snow leopard in three administrative subjects of the Russian Federation – Republics of Altai, Tyva, and Buryatiya. Optimal survey routes and a grid network for camera-trapping stations are discussed and are based on a previously-developed program for standardized monitoring and surveying of the snow leopard population. The most important part of this publication is the analysis of methodologies for evaluating the status of population groups of this rare cat – from the traditional route census approach to innovative systems for automated collection of field data. In addition, the results of multi-year work analyze snow leopard nutrition and evaluate the genetic diversity of the snow leopard population in Russia.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1604
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	Author	Karnaukhov А. S., Korablev М. P., Kuksin А. N., Malykh S. V., Poyarkov А. D., Spitsyn S. V., Chistopolova М. D., Hernandez-Blanco J. A.
	Title	Snow Leopard Population Monitoring Guidebook (Russian)			Type	Guidebook
	Year	2020	Publication	WWF	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	164
	Keywords	Russian
	Abstract	The “Snow Leopard Population Monitoring Guidebook” is the result of a multiyear effort to study and monitor the status of key snow leopard populations in the Russian Federation conducted by WWF Russia specialists alongside colleagues in protected areas and the Severtsov Institute for Ecology and Evolution (Russian Academy of Sciences). The book provides the most recent data regarding the distribution and population of the snow leopard in three administrative subjects of the Russian Federation – Republics of Altai, Tyva, and Buryatiya. Optimal survey routes and a grid network for camera-trapping stations are discussed and are based on a previously-developed program for standardized monitoring and surveying of the snow leopard population. The most important part of this publication is the analysis of methodologies for evaluating the status of population groups of this rare cat – from the traditional route census approach to innovative systems for automated collection of field data. In addition, the results of multi-year work analyze snow leopard nutrition and evaluate the genetic diversity of the snow leopard population in Russia.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1605
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