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Author Gee, E.P.
Title Occurrence of the snow leopard Panthera uncia (Schreber) in Bhutan Type Journal Article
Year 1967 Publication Journal of the Natural History Museum Society Abbreviated Journal
Volume 30 Issue Pages (down) 634-636
Keywords Bhutan; status; distribution; browse; 2350
Abstract Indicates that snow leopard range includes all of Northern Bhutan
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 18 Serial 335
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Author De-hao, L.
Title Economic Fauna of Qinghai Type Miscellaneous
Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 624-625
Keywords 5450; plateau; biology; Chinese
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Publisher Qinghai People's Publishing House Place of Publication Xining Editor
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Notes Published by The Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 529 Serial 232
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Author Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Mardan
Title Snow Leopard Survey in Tumor Nature Reserve, Xingjiang Type Miscellaneous
Year 2005 Publication Sichuan Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages (down) 608-610
Keywords snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; survey; nature; reserve; national; Xinjiang; China; sign; big; cat; spray; distribution; population; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; river; area; Tomur; transects; transect; scrapes; scrape; feces; areas; valley
Abstract Snow leopard survey was conducted in Oct-Nov 2004 at Tumor National Natural Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Because of its special living style, the snow leopard is difficult to observe by sight. Signs left by snow leopard become a good index to prove the existance of the big cat. There are mainly five kinds of signs, footprints, fectes, claw rakes and urine spray. From them we can know the distribution, probably population and habitat selection of snow leopard. This time in Tumor we investigated 5 difference places: Pochenzi in Mozat River area, Boxidun in Little Kuzbay River area, Yinyer in Tomur River area, Kurgan and Taglak in Quiong Tailan River area. 42 transects were run in this trip and a total of 57 signs found. Among them, footprints amounted to 71.9%, scrapes 21.1%, and feces 7.0%. The results showed that the big cat existed in Yinyer, Kurgan and Taglak areas and liked to select their habitat in the valley and didn't like to live in barren areas.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 873 Serial 1034
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Author Wolf, M.; Ale, S.
Title Signs at the Top: Habitat Features Influencing Snow Leopard Uncia Uncia Activity in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Journal of Mammalogy Abbreviated Journal
Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages (down) 604-611
Keywords activity patterns,human activity,Nepal,predator-prey,sign data,Uncia uncia
Abstract We used logistic regression to examine factors that affected the spatial distribution of sign (scrapes, feces, footprints, spray or scent marks, and rubbing sites) in a newly reestablished population of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal. Our results indicate that terrain and human activity were the most important factors determining the spatial distribution of leopard activity, whereas presence of their major prey species (Himalayan tahr [Hemitragus jemlahicus]) had only a moderate effect. This suggests that localities at which these animals are active represent a trade-off between suitable habitat and avoidance of potential risk from anthropogenic origins. However, the influence of prey presence was likely underestimated because of the methodology used, and likely weighed in the trade-off as well.
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Notes Department of Biological Sciences (M/C 066), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, 3352 SES, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, USA Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1026 Serial 1027
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Author Lutz, H.; Hofmann-Lehmann, R.; Fehr, D.; Leutenegger, C.; Hartmann, M.; Ossent, P.; Grob, M.; Elgizoli, M.; Weilenmann, P.
Title Liberation of the wilderness of wild felids bred under human custody: Danger of release of viral infections Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Schweizer Archiv fuer Tierheilkunde Abbreviated Journal
Volume 138 Issue 12 Pages (down) 579-585
Keywords endangered-species; European-Wild-Cat; Fiv; Fpv; Host; Human-Custody; infection; Pathogen; Reintroduction-Projects; Relocation-Projects; survival; Tibet; Veterinary-Medicine; Viral-Disease; Viral-Infection; Wild-Felid; Wild-Felid-Breeding; Wilderness-Liberation; Wildlife-Management; browse; endangered; species; european; wild; cat; Human; custody; reintroduction; project; relocation; veterinary; medicine; Viral; Disease; wild felid; breeding; wilderness; liberation; management; 690
Abstract There are several felidae amongst the numerous endangered species. Means of aiding survival are the reintroduction to the wild of animals bred under the auspices of man and their relocation from densely populated to thinly populated areas. It is unlikely that the dangers of such reintroduction or relocation projects have been examined sufficiently in respect to the risks of virus infections confronting individuals kept in zoos or similar situations. This report presents infections may be expected to occur when relo- three examples to illustrate that accidental virus cating and reintroducing wild cats. The first example is the reintroduction of captive snow leopards. Zoo bred snow leopards may be infected with FIV, a virus infection that is highly unlikely to occur in the original hirnalayan highlands of Tibet and China. A second example is of several cases of FIP that occured in European wild cats bred in groups in captivity. The third example mentioned is the relocation of hons from East Africa where all the commonly known feline viruses are wide-spread to the Etosha National Park. In the latter, virus infections such as FIV, FCV and FPV do not occur. The indiscriminate relocation and reintroduction of the wild cats mentioned here harbours a potential of undesirable consequences.
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Notes Document Type: German Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 287 Serial 629
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Author Augugliaro, C., Paniccia, C., Janchivlamdan, C., Monti, I. E., Boldbaatar, T., Munkhtsog, B.
Title Mammal inventory in the Mongolian Gobi, with the southeasternmost documented record of the Snow Leopard, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), in the country Type Journal Article
Year 2019 Publication Check List Abbreviated Journal
Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages (down) 575-578
Keywords Camera trapping, desert, live trapping, mammal checklist, species richness, threatened species.
Abstract Studies on mammal diversity and distribution are an important source to develop conservation and management strategies.

The area located in southern Mongolia, encompassing the Alashan Plateau Semi-Desert and the Eastern Gobi Desert-Steppe ecoregions, is considered strategic for the conservation of threatened species. We surveyed the non-volant mammals in the Small Gobi-A Strictly Protected Area (SPA) and its surroundings, by using camera trapping, live trapping, and occasional sightings. We recorded 18 mammal species belonging to 9 families and 6 orders. Among them, 4 are globally threatened or near-threatened, 2 are included in the CITES Appendix I, and 2 are listed in the Appendix II. Moreover, we provide the southeasternmost record for the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) in Mongolia, supported by photographic evidence. Our study highlights the importance of this protected area to preserve rare, threatened, and elusive species.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1486
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Author Christiansen, P.
Title Canine morphology in the larger Felidae: implications for feeding ecology Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Biological Journal of the Linnean Society Abbreviated Journal
Volume 91 Issue Pages (down) 573-592
Keywords bite force, canine, clouded leopard, feeding behaviour, felid, Homotherium serum, leopard, Megantereoncultridens, morphology, Neofelis nebulosa, paleontology, Panthera pardus, Panthera tigris, puma, Puma concolor, Smilodon fatalis, Smilodon populator, snow leopard, Uncia uncia
Abstract Canine morphology is analysed at seven intervals along the crown in both

anteroposterior and lateromedial perspective in seven species of large felids. The puma and the snow leopard have stout, rather conical canines, whereas those of lions, jaguars, and tigers bear substantial resemblance to each other, reflecting their phylogenetic relationships, and are less conical and large. The canines of the leopard are intermediate in morphology between those of the other species, probably reflecting its more generalized diet. The clouded leopard has very large and blade-like canines, which are different from the other analysed species. Canine bending strengths to estimated bite forces appear to differ less among the species than morphology,indicating that the evolution of canines has been constricted with respect to their strength in failure, probably owing to their being equally important for species fitness. However, the clouded leopard again stands out, having a high estimated bite force and rather weak canines in bending about the anteroposterior as well as lateromedial planes compared to the other species. Canine morphology to some extent reflects differences in killing mode, but also appears to be related to the phylogeny. The marked divergence of the clouded leopard is presently not understood.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1115
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Author Roth, T.L.; Howard, J.G.; Donoghue, A.M.; Swanson, W.F.; Wildt, D.E.
Title Function and culture requirements of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) spermatozoa in vitro Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication J Reprod Fertil Abbreviated Journal
Volume 101 Issue 3 Pages (down) 563-569
Keywords Animal; Carnivora; physiology; Cell; survival; Cells; Cultured; Comparative; study; Culture; Media; Female; Male; Pentoxifylline; Sperm; Motility; Ovum; Interactions; Spermatozoa; cytology; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; non; us; gov't; government; 190
Abstract Electroejaculates from eight snow leopards were used to determine how the motility of spermatozoa was influenced by (i) type of media (Ham's F10, PBS, human tubal fluid or RPMI-1640); (ii) holding temperature (23 degrees C versus 37 degrees C); (iii) washing of spermatozoa and (iv) a sperm metabolic enhancer, pentoxifylline. The duration of sperm motility was assessed by evaluating samples in each treatment every hour for 6 h and a sperm motility index (a value combining percentage sperm motility and rate of forward progression) calculated. Spermatozoa from the Ham's F10, PBS and PBS plus pentoxifylline treatments were also co-incubated with zona-intact, domestic cat eggs that were fixed and evaluated for spermatozoa bound to the zona pellucida, penetrating the outer and inner layers of the zona pellucida and within the perivitelline space. During the 6 h co-incubation, the sperm motility index in PBS with pentoxifylline was greater (P < 0.05) than in PBS alone which, in turn, was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other three test media. Washing the spermatozoa enhanced (P < 0.05) motility in both PBS and PBS plus pentoxifylline relative to unwashed samples, but there was no effect (P > 0.05) of holding temperature. Pentoxifylline supplementation enhanced (P < 0.05) the proportion of cat eggs with bound, but not penetrated, snow leopard spermatozoa in the inner layer of the zona pellucida, and there were no spermatozoa in the perivitelline space.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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ISSN 0022-4251 ISBN Medium
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Notes Document Type: eng Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 253 Serial 828
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Author Lovari, S., Boesi, R., Minder, I., Mucci, N., Randi, E., Dematteis, A., and Ale, S. B.
Title Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a human-altered ecosystem: the return of the snow leopard to Sagarmatha National Park Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Animal Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 12 Issue Pages (down) 559-570
Keywords conservation, food habits, genetics, Hemitragus jemlahicus, Himalayan tahr, management, microsatellite, predation, presence, scat, scat analysis, snow leopard, Uncia uncia
Abstract Twenty-five years ago, the snow leopard Uncia uncia, an endangered large cat, was eliminated from what is now Sagarmatha National Park (SNP). Heavy hunting pressure depleted that area of most medium-large mammals, before it became a park. After three decades of protection, the cessation of hunting and the recovery of wild ungulate populations, snow leopards have recently returned (four individuals). We have documented the effects of the return of the snow leopard on the population of its main wild prey, the Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus, a 'near-threatened' caprin. Signs of snow leopard presence were recorded and scats were collected along a fixed trail (130 km) to assess the presence and food habits of the snow leopard in the Park, from 2004 to 2006. Himalayan tahr, the staple of the diet, had a relative occurrence of 48% in summer and 37% in autumn, compared with the next most frequent prey, musk deer Moschus chrysogaster (summer: 20%; autumn: 15%) and cattle (summer: 15%; autumn: 27%). In early summer, the birth rate of tahr (young-to-female ratio: 0.8-0.9) was high. The decrease of this ratio to 0.1-0.2 in autumn implied that summer predation concentrated on young tahr, eventually altering the population by removing the kid cohort. Small populations of wild Caprinae, for example the Himalayan tahr population in SNP, are sensitive to stochastic predation events and may be led to almost local extinction. If predation on livestock keeps growing, together with the decrease of Himalayan tahr, retaliatory killing of snow leopards by local people may be expected, and the snow leopard could again be at risk of local extinction. Restoration of biodiversity through the return of a large predator has to be monitored carefully, especially in areas affected by humans, where the lack of important environmental components, for example key prey species, may make the return of a predator a challenging event.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1122
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Author Ferretti, F., Lovari, S., Minder, I., Pellizzi, B.
Title Recovery of the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt.Everest) National Park: effects on main prey Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication European Journal of Wildlife Research Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 60 Pages (down) 559-562
Keywords Predator–prey relationships . Small populations . Snow leopard . Himalayan tahr
Abstract Consequences of predation may be particularly

heavy on small populations of herbivores, especially if they

are threatened with extinction. Over the 2006–2010 period, we

documented the effects of the spontaneous return of the endangered

snow leopard on the population of the vulnerable

Himalayan tahr. The study area was an area of central

Himalaya where this cat disappeared c. 40 years before, because

of persecution by man. Snow leopards occurred mainly

in areas close to the core area of tahr distribution. Tahr was the

staple (56.3 %) of snow leopards. After the arrival of this cat,

tahr decreased by more than 2/3 from 2003 to 2010 (mainly

through predation on kids). Subsequently, the density of snow

leopards decreased by 60%from2007 to 2010. The main prey

of snow leopards in Asia (bharal, marmots) were absent in our

study area, forcing snow leopards to specialize on tahr. The

restoration of a complete prey spectrum should be favoured

through reintroductions, to conserve large carnivores and to

reduce exploitation of small populations of herbivores, especially

if threatened.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1408
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