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Author Hussain, S. url 
  Title Nature and Human Nature: Conservation, Values and Snow Leopard Type Conference Article
  Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords (up) snow; leopard; nature; Human; environment; environmental; conservation; conserving; conserve; economic; incentives; cbc; 4940  
  Abstract The failure of top-down environmental conservation practices gave rise to the so-called

`Community Based Conservation' or CBC approach. CBC promises to achieve the dual goals of

conserving nature and improving peoples' livelihoods. CBC programs also aim to involve local

communities as active partners in conservation efforts, and to use traditional knowledge and

local values in management of resources (Adams & Hulme 2001; Agrawal & Gibson 1999).

There are variations between different CBC programs; however, the underlying rationale of the

approach, common to all programs, is that introducing or changing economic incentives into the

conservation calculus of local people will bring about the behavioural change necessary for

successful conservation (Kellert et al 2000). Thus, the major emphasis in CBC programs is

conserving nature based on its utilitarian value. Since utilitarian value is measured in terms of

economics, hence the emphasis of CBCs on economic incentives in promoting conservation.

Recent evaluation of the CBC approach has shown that while local people may have benefited in

economic terms from the use of nature, no tangible improvements in biodiversity conservation

have occurred (Kellert et al 2000; Terborgh 1999). The disappointing performance of CBC

programs, which promised so much and yet have failed in practice to deliver, has recently lead to

a resurgence of the protectionist approach, calling for a renewed separation between the

conservation and human development objectives (Redford & Sanderson 2000; Terborgh 1999;

Oats 1999). Others, however, believe that the CBC approach has enormous potential, and that a

return to protectionist strategies would be disastrous, like `reinventing the square wheel'

(Brechin 2001; Wilhusen 2001). It is crucial that the flaws in the CBC approach are remedied if

there is to be any hope of a conservation agenda that does not conflict with the needs, aspirations

and interests of local people, and that therefore has a chance of having a long term, sustainable

conservation outcome.
 
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 480 Serial 400  
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