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	Author	Ale S.
	Title	Have snow leopards made a comeback to the Everest region of Nepal?			Type	Report
	Year	2005	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-21
	Keywords	snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; region; Nepal; Report; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; 1960; endangered; Sagarmatha; High; Himalaya; tourism; impact; establishment; national; national park; National-park; park; 1980; area; Tibet; surveys; survey; status; Cats; cat; prey; research; project; sign; transects; transect; length; valley; Response; hunting; recovery; Himalayan; tahr; density; densities; range; pugmarks; sighting; 60; study; population; predators; predator; structure; prey species; prey-species; species; populations; mortality; effects; predation; population dynamics
	Abstract	In the 1960s, the endangered snow leopard was locally extirpated from the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) region of Nepal. In this Sherpa-inhabited high Himalaya, the flourishing tourism since the ascent of Mt Everest in 1953, has caused both prosperity and adverse impacts, the concern that catalyzed the establishment of Mt. Everest National Park in the region in 1976. In the late 1980s, there were reports that some transient snow leopards may have visited the area from adjoining Tibet, but no biological surveys exist to confirm the status of the cats and their prey. Have snow leopards finally returned to the top of the world? Exploring this question was the main purpose of this research project. We systematically walked altogether 24 sign transects covering over 13 km in length in three valleys, i.e. Namche, Phortse and Gokyo, of the park, and counted several snow leopard signs. The results indicated that snow leopards have made a comeback in the park in response to decades of protective measures, the virtual cessation of hunting and the recovery of the Himalayan tahr which is snow leopard's prey. The average sign density (4.2 signs/km and 2.5 sign sites/km) was comparable to that reported from other parts of the cats' range in the Himalaya. On this basis, we estimated the cat density in the Everest region between 1 to 3 cats per 100 sq km, a figure that was supported by different sets of pugmarks and actual sightings of snow leopards in the 60 km2 sample survey area. In the study area, tahr population had a low reproductive rate (e.g. kids-to-females ratio, 0.1, in Namche). Since predators can influence the size and the structure of prey species populations through mortality and through non-lethal effects or predation risk, snow leopards could have been the cause of the population dynamics of tahr in Sagarmtha, but this study could not confirm this speculation for which further probing may be required.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Progress report for the International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1063			Serial	50
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	Author	Ale, S.B.
	Title	Snow Leopard in Remote Districts of Nepal			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xii	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Nepal; Manang; livestock; livestock-depredation; baiting; predation; villagers; herders; annapurna; retribution; conservation; management; training; tourism; browse; 4600
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 447			Serial	54
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	Author	Ale, S.B.
	Title	The Annapurna Conservation Area Project: A Case Study of an Integrated Conservation and Development Project in Nepal			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	155-169
	Keywords	conservation; annapurna; park; parks; reserve; reserves; refuge; management; habitat; livestock; herders; herder; Acap; education; community-development; tourism; women; protected-area; browse; community; development; protected; area; 2960
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	Jackson, R.; Ahmad, A.
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 394			Serial	55
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	Author	Ale, S.B.
	Title	Religion and Snow Leopards in Nepal			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1998	Publication	Snow Line	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xvi	Issue		Pages	10-10
	Keywords	Nepal; religion; tourism; Culture; folklore; buddhism; 4850
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Journal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 472			Serial	56
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	Author	Ale, S.B.; Yonzon, P.; Thapa, K.
	Title	Recovery of snow leopard Uncia uncia in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2007	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	41	Issue		Pages	89-92
	Keywords	Nepal; recovery; Sagarmatha Mount Everest National Park; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; surveys; survey; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; valley; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; using; information; management; system; research; transects; transect; sign; areas; area; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; 40; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; location; recent; species; grazing; land; Forest; habitat; domestic; wild; ungulates; ungulate; livestock; tourism; development; traditional; land use; land-use; use; wildlife
	Abstract	From September to November 2004 we conducted surveys of snow leopard Uncia uncia signs in three major valleys in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park in Nepal using the Snow Leopard Information Management System, a standardized survey technique for snow leopard research. We walked 24 transects covering c. 14 km and located 33 sites with 56 snow leopard signs, and 17 signs incidentally in other areas. Snow leopards appear to have re-inhabited the Park, following their disappearance c. 40 years ago, apparently following the recovery of Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus and musk deer Moschus chrysogaster populations. Taken together the locations of all 73 recent snow leopard signs indicate that the species is using predominantly grazing land and shrubland/ open forest at elevations of 3,000-5,000 m, habitat types that are also used by domestic and wild ungulates. Sagarmatha is the homeland of c. 3,500 Buddhist Sherpas with .3,000 livestock. Along with tourism and associated developments in Sagarmatha, traditional land use practices could be used to ensure coexistence of livestock and wildlife, including the recovering snow leopards, and ensure the wellbeing of the Sherpas.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Ale_2007.pdf			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 884			Serial	58
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	Author	Anandakrishnan, M.B.
	Title	The snow leopard: Elusive and endangered			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	The Environmental Magazine	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	5	Pages	18-19
	Keywords	Himalayan; poaching; tourism; development; Nepal; asia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 1070
	Abstract	The snow leopard has never been common, but there may be fewer than 4,000 left in its Himalayan habitat, and poaching and tourism-related development in the region could drive its numbers down further.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Copyright Earth Action Network, Inc. Sep/Oct 1998 Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 352			Serial	71
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	Author	Anonymous
	Title	Livestock Predation Control Workshop			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1999	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Lahul-Spiti; Ladakh; Hemis; parks; reserves; refuge; protected-area; argali; abix; blue-sheep; wolves; distribution; status; population; poaching; hunting; trade; skins; livestock; pelts; coat; fur; bones; medicine; prey-depletion; herders; habitat; habitat-degradation; tourism; Tmi; Islt; predator; prey; conflict; compensation; trekking; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; depletion; degradation; international snow leopard trust; 3940
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLDate of Meeting: Ladakh (1999 Oct 6- Oct 10 )			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 359			Serial	86
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	Author	Brown, M.
	Title	Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Snow Leopard Habitat			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	146-147
	Keywords	conservation; habitat; tourism; livestock; herders; herder; predator; prey; management; browse; 2940
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 303			Serial	199
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	Author	Fox, J.L.
	Title	Conservation in Ladakh's Hemis National Park: Predator and Prey			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1992	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	x	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Ladakh; Hemis; India; Islt; conservation; Singh; predation; Nurbu; wolves; habitat; tourism; browse; 4710
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 458			Serial	301
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	Author	Fox, J.L.
	Title	Snow Leopard Conservation and Related Developements in Ladakh			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1995	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xiii	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Ladakh; India; Transhimilaya; Hemis; Islt; tourism; treking; Chundawat; management; compensation; livestock; browse; 4580
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text at URLJournal Title: Snowline			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 446			Serial	307
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