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Author (up) Adil, A. url 
  Title Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Afghanistan Type Conference Article
  Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 35-38  
  Keywords Afghanistan; conservation; status; Palang-i-Barfi; Hindu-kush; Pamir; Ajar; park; parks; reserve; reserves; refuge; hunting; poaching; skin; fur; pelt; coat; distribution; ibex; Marco-Polo; sheep; markhor; predator; prey; protected-area; marco; polo; hindu; kush; browse; 2460  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text Available at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 298 Serial 34  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (up) Ahmad, A. url 
  Title Protection of Snow Leopards through Grazier Communities:Some Examples from WWF-Pakistan's Projects in the Northern Areas Type Conference Article
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 265-272  
  Keywords conservation; Pakistan; Wwf; world-wildlife-fund; livestock; herders; herder; status; parks; park; reserve; refuge; protected-area; Dir; chitral; predator; prey; grazier; pelt; fur; coat; skin; poaching; Khunjerab; Marco-Polo-sheep; ibex; markhor; hunting; browse; protected; area; sheep; Marco-Polo; 2040  
  Abstract Snow leopards occur near the snow line in northern Pakistan in the districts of Swat, Dir and Chitral of the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), Muzaffarabad district in Azad Kashmir and Gilgit and Baltistan districts in the Northern Areas. Although a number of protected areas are present in the form of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves (Table 1) where legal protection is available to all wildlife species, including snow leopards, the status of this endangered species is not improving satisfactorily. The reasons are many and range from direct persecution by livestock owners to the less than strict management of protected areas.

Because of remote and inaccessible locations and lack of proper communication with local communities, government officials and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with conservation find it difficult to obtain statistics on mortality of snow leopards. However, the killing of snow leopards is not uncommon. Because of the close and long-term association between local villagers and snow leopards, it is only through the support and cooperation of these peoples that protection of this endangered species can be assured against most of the existing threats. The effects of such cooperation has been clearly shown through some of the conservation projects of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) – Pakistan. Details of such projects and certain lessons that can be learned from these and similar projects are discussed in this paper.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 209 Serial 40  
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Author (up) Ahmad, I.; Hunter, D.O.; Jackson, R. url 
  Title A Snow Leopard and Prey Species Survey in Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan Type Conference Article
  Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 92-95  
  Keywords Slims; Islt; Wwf; predator; prey; Pakistan; Khunjerab; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; Marco-Polo-sheep; blue-sheep; surveys; survey; transect; sighn; markings; marking; scrape; spray; ibex; tracks; pug marks; feces; livestock; kill; herder; herders; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; international snow leopard trust; world wildlife fund; marco polo sheep; marco polo; pug; marks; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 2810  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Title, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 300 Serial 42  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (up) Ale S. url 
  Title Have snow leopards made a comeback to the Everest region of Nepal? Type Report
  Year 2005 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-21  
  Keywords snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; region; Nepal; Report; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; 1960; endangered; Sagarmatha; High; Himalaya; tourism; impact; establishment; national; national park; National-park; park; 1980; area; Tibet; surveys; survey; status; Cats; cat; prey; research; project; sign; transects; transect; length; valley; Response; hunting; recovery; Himalayan; tahr; density; densities; range; pugmarks; sighting; 60; study; population; predators; predator; structure; prey species; prey-species; species; populations; mortality; effects; predation; population dynamics  
  Abstract In the 1960s, the endangered snow leopard was locally extirpated from the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) region of Nepal. In this Sherpa-inhabited high Himalaya, the flourishing tourism since the ascent of Mt Everest in 1953, has caused both prosperity and adverse impacts, the concern that catalyzed the establishment of Mt. Everest National Park in the region in 1976. In the late 1980s, there were reports that some transient snow leopards may have visited the area from adjoining Tibet, but no biological surveys exist to confirm the status of the cats and their prey. Have snow leopards finally returned to the top of the world? Exploring this question was the main purpose of this research project. We systematically walked altogether 24 sign transects covering over 13 km in length in three valleys, i.e. Namche, Phortse and Gokyo, of the park, and counted several snow leopard signs. The results indicated that snow leopards have made a comeback in the park in response to decades of protective measures, the virtual cessation of hunting and the recovery of the Himalayan tahr which is snow leopard's prey. The average sign density (4.2 signs/km and 2.5 sign sites/km) was comparable to that reported from other parts of the cats' range in the Himalaya. On this basis, we estimated the cat density in the Everest region between 1 to 3 cats per 100 sq km, a figure that was supported by different sets of pugmarks and actual sightings of snow leopards in the 60 km2 sample survey area. In the study area, tahr population had a low reproductive rate (e.g. kids-to-females ratio, 0.1, in Namche). Since predators can influence the size and the structure of prey species populations through mortality and through non-lethal effects or predation risk, snow leopards could have been the cause of the population dynamics of tahr in Sagarmtha, but this study could not confirm this speculation for which further probing may be required.  
  Address  
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  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Progress report for the International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1063 Serial 50  
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Author (up) Ale, S.B., Brown, J.S. url 
  Title Prey behavior leads to predator: a case study of the Himalayan tahr and the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 315-327  
  Keywords vigilance, fear, behavioral indicator, predator, prey, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, Mount Everest  
  Abstract Rare, elusive predators offer few sightings, hindering research with small sample sizes and lack of experimentation. While predators may be elusive, their prey are more readily observed. Prey respond to the presence of a predator, and these fear responses may have population- and community-level consequences. Anti-predator behaviors, such as vigilance, allow us to sidestep the difficulty of direct field studies of large predators by studying them indirectly. Here we used a behavioral indicator, the vigilance behavior of the Himalayan tahr, the snow leopard’s main local prey, to reveal the distribution and habitat use of snow leopards in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal. We combined techniques of conventional field biology with concepts of foraging theory to study prey behavior in order to obtain insights into the predator’s ecology. The Himalayan tahr’s vigilance behavior correlates with the distribution of snow leopard signs. Tahr actually led us to six sightings of snow leopards. We conclude that behavioral indicators provided by prey offer a valuable tool for studying and monitoring stealthy and rare carnivores.  
  Address  
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  Publisher Science from Israel, a division of LPPLtd. Place of Publication Israel Editor  
  Language English Summary Language English Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1109  
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Author (up) Allen, P. url 
  Title Irbis Enterprises: A Project of the International Snow Leopard Trust Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2001 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 1-3  
  Keywords Islt; irbis-enterprises; irbis; income; herders; incentive; grazing; limitations; poaching; prey; resentment; livestock; wool; cashmere; conservation; tolerance; predation; education; browse; 4320  
  Abstract  
  Address  
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  Publisher Place of Publication Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: The Conservationist Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 420 Serial 66  
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Author (up) Anonymous url 
  Title Livestock Predation Control Workshop Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1999 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Lahul-Spiti; Ladakh; Hemis; parks; reserves; refuge; protected-area; argali; abix; blue-sheep; wolves; distribution; status; population; poaching; hunting; trade; skins; livestock; pelts; coat; fur; bones; medicine; prey-depletion; herders; habitat; habitat-degradation; tourism; Tmi; Islt; predator; prey; conflict; compensation; trekking; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; depletion; degradation; international snow leopard trust; 3940  
  Abstract  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text at URLDate of Meeting: Ladakh (1999 Oct 6- Oct 10 ) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 359 Serial 86  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (up) Anonymous url 
  Title International Specialists Discuss China's Threatened Cats Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1992 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords China; Iucn; habitat; predator; prey; livestock; herders; conflict; hunting; poaching; trapping; bones; medicine; trade; development; Slims; Cites; protected-areas; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; browse; protected; areas; 3990  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text at URL Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 186 Serial 80  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (up) Aramov, B. url 
  Title The Biology of the Snow Leopard in the Gissarsky Nature Reserve Type Conference Article
  Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 108-109  
  Keywords breeding; diet; predator; prey; reserve; reserves; park; parks; refuge; livestock; marmot; goat; sheep; horse; ibex; habitat; Gissarsky; Tajikistan; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; behavior; wolves; Dogs; herder; herders; protected-area; browse; soviet; union; soviet union; 2820  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor Jackson, R. and A.A.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad. PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 302 Serial 95  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (up) Aryal, A. url 
  Title Final Report On Demography and Causes of Mortality of Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve in Nepal Type Report
  Year 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-53  
  Keywords Report; mortality; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; Dhorpatan; hunting; reserve; Nepal; biodiversity; research; training; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; conservation; program; population; Population-Density; density; densities; change; Sex; study; area; High; poaching; Pressure; reducing; number; predators; predator; poison; wolf; wolves; canis; Canis-lupus; lupus; wild; wild boar; prey; prey species; prey-species; species; scats; scat; value; fox; cover; deer; diet; leopards; pika; snow leopards; snow-leopards; soil; Relationship  
  Abstract A total of 206 individual Blue sheep Pseudois nayaur were estimated in Barse and Phagune blocks of Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve (DHR) and population density was 1.8 Blue sheep/sq.km. There was not significant change in population density from last 4 decades. An average 7 animals/herd (SD-5.5) were classified from twenty nine herds, sheep per herds varying from 1 to 37. Blue sheep has classified into sex ratio on an average 75 male/100females was recorded in study area. The sex ratio was slightly lower but not significantly different from the previous study. Population of Blue sheep was seen stable or not decrease even there was high poaching pressure, the reason may be reducing the number of predators by poison and poaching which has

supported to increase blue sheep population. Because of reducing the predators Wolf Canis lupus, Wild boar population was increasing drastically in high rate and we can observed wild boar above the tree line of DHR. The frequency of occurrence of different prey species in scats of different predators shows that, excluding zero values, the frequencies of different prey species were no significantly different (ö2= 10.3, df = 49, p > 0.05). Most of the scats samples (74%) of Snow leopard, Wolf, Common Leopard, Red fox's cover one prey species while two and three species were present in 18% and 8%, respectively. Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak was the most frequent (18%) of total diet composition of common leopards. Pika Ochotona roylei was the most frequent (28%), and Blue sheep was in second position for diet of snow leopards which cover 21% of total diet composition. 13% of diet covered non-food item such as soil, stones, and vegetable. Pika was most frequent on Wolf and Red fox diet which covered 32% and 30% respectively. There was good positive relationship between the scat density and Blue sheep consumption rate, increasing the scat density, increasing the Blue sheep consumption rate. Blue sheep preference by different predators such as Snow leopard, Common leopard, Wolf and Red fox were 20%, 6%, 13% and 2% of total prey species respectively.
 
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  Notes The Biodiversity Research and Training Forum (BRTF) Nepal. Email: savefauna@yahoo.com Submitted to Snow Leopard Conservation Grants Program, USA. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1064 Serial 104  
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